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1. Acute changes in haematocrit were produced by exchange transfusion of dextran-in-saline or packed red cells.

2. There were no significant changes in glomerular filtration rate, blood pressure, central venous pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood volume or extracellular fluid volume following the exchange transfusions.

3. Urine volume increased after haemodilution but decreased after haemoconcentration.

4. The diuresis after haemodilution occurred despite an infusion of ADH or alcohol. Thus it could not be attributed to a change in circulating ADH level.

5. There were two types of diuresis. The `water diuretic' response was characterized by an increase in free water clearance with a reduction in urinary sodium concentration; the `sodium diuretic' response by an increase in urinary sodium concentration but no change, or a fall, in free water clearance.

6. The results were related to changes in medullary osmotic gradient found by other workers to occur when medullary blood flow rate is altered.