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1. The efflux of [¹⁴C]urea was measured in micro-injected axons at 18° C. A permeability constant for urea of (0·55 ± 0·18) x 10^-6 cm/sec was calculated from these experiments.

2. The influxes of urea, thiourea, ethylene glycol, urethane and toluene were measured in perfused axons at 18 ± 1° C. The permeability constants obtained from these determinations increased in the order listed, from (0·76 ± 0·19) x 10^-6 cm/sec for urea to 0·80 x 10^-4 cm/sec for toluene.

3. The influxes of tritiated water and sodium ions at 18° C were measured in perfused axons. An average permeability of (0·78 ± 0·22) x 10^-4 cm/sec for titriated water and an average influx of 23 ± 6 p-mole/cm² sec for sodium were obtained.

4. Lowering the temperature of the external sea-water bathing the axon from 18 to 5° C produced a decrease of 12% in the permeability of toluene, 30% for tritiated water and urethane, 55% for ethylene glycol and urea and 60% for thiourea. There was a 50% reduction in the influx of sodium for this same temperature change.

5. The results obtained with the effect of temperature on permeabilities suggest that the axonal membrane has a non-homogeneous composition. A model based on the assumption of structured aqueous channels in the membrane is postulated.