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1. The effect of acute alterations of plasma sodium concentration (PNa) on renal sodium excretion (UNaV) was investigated by three types of experiments on anaesthetized dogs: (a) A local increase in PNa at one kidney was produced by infusion of hypertonic saline directly into its artery while systemic levels of PNa were stabilized by haemodialysis. (b) Systemic levels of PNa were lowered by exchange transfusion of blood for an equal volume of salt-free dextran-in-dextrose solution. The results were contrasted with those observed after similar exchanges, but using dextran-in-saline solution. (c) The level of PNa was altered by varying the sodium concentration of a saline solution infused at a fixed rate either intravenously or into one renal artery. 2. All three types of experiment suggest a dependence of UNaV on PNa Analysis demonstrated that this relationship was not due to contemporary changes in: packed cell volume; plasma solids concentration; plasma potassium concentration; blood pressure or plasma hydrogen ion concentration. The distribution of these variables did not change with PNa except for plasma hydrogen ion concentration. Moreover, the relationship persisted when data were selected to exclude clearance periods in which the value for any variable had shifted past the group mean obtained before PNa was altered. 3. The fall in UNaV at low levels of PNa could be attributed to a fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), but the progressive rise in UNaV seen as PNa exceeded 150 m-mole 1(-1) occurred despite a fall in GFR and no apparent change in the mean filtered load of sodium. These results suggest that the increased sodium excretion accompanying raised levels of PNa is due to reduced tubular re-absorption of sodium.

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