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1. A study has been made of the interactions of the thermoregulatory effects of spinal cord heating and cooling and of the injections into the cerebral ventricle of noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and carbamylcholine in sheep. 2. The interactions of spinal cord heating and the injections into the cerebral ventricle of noradrenaline, 5-HT and carbamylcholine were very similar to those of hypothalamic heating or of high ambient temperature and the injections into the cerebral ventricle of these substances. These results are interpreted as evidence of the synaptic convergence of the pathways from peripheral, spinal cord and hypothalamic warm-sensors at or before the points of action of these synaptically active substances. 3. The only definite thermoregulatory effect of spinal cooling was the onset of shivering which could be due to a purely spinal effect of cold. No substantial evidence was obtained of an interaction between spinal cooling and an injection of noradrenaline, 5-HT or carbamylcholine into the cerebral ventricle. Thus there was no clear indication of centripetal pathways from spinal cold sensors converging with those from the skin and the hypothalamus for which evidence of convergence was obtained in an earlier study. 4. The results of this study are expressed in terms of the neuronal model of Bligh, Cottle & Maskrey (1971) and Maskrey & Bligh (1971), appropriately modified.