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1. An experimental technique utilizing 'denervation diuresis' from one kidney with measurement of renin release from the contralateral innervated kidney was developed to study the sensitivity of renin secretion to volume depletion. 2. With urine excretion, release of renin increased progressively from the innervated kidney. The increase was significant at a sodium deficit of 0-23 mole.kg-1. At a sodium deficit of 0-6 m-mole.kg-1 renin release had doubled. 3. Bilateral vagotomy did not alter this response. 4. Precise replacement of sodium loss with isotonic saline but without replacement of other urinary components returned renin release to control levels. 5. Slow haemorrhage causing a rate of volume and sodium loss equivalent to urinary drainage did not alter the rate of renin release. 6. With a single denervated kidney and contralateral nephrectomy, renin release fell progressively to minimal levels despite sodium deficits up to 2-6 m-mole.kg-1. 7. It is concluded that renin secretion is sensitive to at most a 0-5% change in body fluid volume and should be considered a primary response to volume depletion. The sensitivity of the response depends upon normal renal innervation but is not mediated via vascular volume receptors nor via receptors innervated by the vagus. 8. It is proposed that the extreme sensitivity of the renin-secreting system in these experiments results from the combination of volume depletion and slight hypotonicity of extracellular fluid acting on the renal afferent arteriole without the mediation of the macula densa,