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1. Intracellular pH (pH_i), Cl^- and Na⁺ levels were recorded in snail neurones using ion-sensitive micro-electrodes, and the mechanism of the pH_i recovery from internal acidification investigated.

2. Reducing the external HCO₃^- concentration greatly inhibited the rate of pH_i recovery from HCl injection.

3. Reducing external Cl^- did not inhibit pH_i recovery, but reducing internal Cl^-, by exposing the cell to sulphate Ringer, inhibited pH_i recovery from CO₂ application.

4. During pH_i recovery from CO₂ application the internal Cl^- concentration decreased. The measured fall in internal Cl^- concentration averaged about 25% of the calculated increase in internal HCO₃^-.

5. Removal of external Na inhibited the pH_i recovery from either CO₂ application or HCl injection.

6. During the pH_i recovery from acidification there was an increase in the internal Na⁺ concentration ([Na⁺]_i). The increase was larger than that occurring when the Na pump was inhibited by K-free Ringer.

7. The increase in [Na⁺]_i that occurred during pH_i recovery from an injection of HCl was about half of that produced by a similar injection of NaCl.

8. The inhibitory effects of Na-free Ringer and of the anion exchange inhibitor SITS on pH_i recovery after HCl injection were not additive.

9. It is concluded that the pH_i regulating system involves tightly linked Cl^--HCO₃^- and Na⁺-H⁺ exchange, with Na entry down its concentration gradient probably providing the energy to drive the movement inwards of HCO₃^- and the movement outward of Cl^- and H⁺ ions.

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