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1. Intracellular responses were recorded from single rods in the retina of the toads Bufo bufo and Bufo marinus during exposure to solutions in which sodium was replaced by equimolar amounts of choline. 2. Upon moderate reduction (80 and 50 mM) of the external sodium the size of responses to bright flashes decreased as a consequence of both an increase in the resting potential and a decrease of the membrane potential at the peak, while the level of the plateau remained fairly constant. 3. Upon reduction of the external sodium to 22 mM or less, rods hyperpolarized to about the plateau level and failed to respond to illumination. Under these circumstances, membrane depolarization induced by an increased external potassium did not restore the cell responsiveness. Addition of 2-5 mM caesium hyperpolarized the membrane and partially restored the photoresponse. 4. Complete replacements of external sodium with potassium depolarized the rod by 40 +/- 10 mV, and no voltage responses to light could be detected. 5. In the presence of caesium, a nearly complete blockage of the photoresponses was obtained when the external sodium was 5 mM or less. Further reductions of the external sodium did not invert the photoresponses. Application of caesium when the external sodium was nominally zero induced a transient hyperpolarization followed by a slow decay. 6. During exposure to steady illumination, the dependence of the plateau level on the external sodium slowly increased. 7. These results indicate that the ionic current which is directly modulated by the light depends primarily on the external sodium. They suggest also that the current associated with the voltage- and time-dependent process responsible for the sag from peak to plateau of the response to a bright flash of light may have multiple components.