HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text (PDF) Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Beloozerova, I N Articles by Sirota, M G Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Beloozerova, I N Articles by Sirota, M G

Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russia.

1. The impulse activity of single neurones in the motor cortex (MC) was recorded extracellularly, using movable varnish-insulated tungsten microelectrodes, in six adult, freely moving cats. Neuronal activity was recorded while the cats walked on a flat floor, as they stepped over a series of barriers, and as they walked on the flat rungs of a horizontal ladder. The mean discharge rate (mR) and the depth of frequency modulation (dM) in each cell were estimated over 10-100 steps. 2. The activity of ninety-eight MC cells (Including thirteen pyramidal tract neurones (PTNs)) was recorded during stepping over barriers 25 cm apart. The mR in 66% and the dM in 61% of these cells changed by more than 20% during locomotion with barriers compared to locomotion on the flat (an increase was more often the case). 3. The activity of nine cells was recorded during stepping over barriers 12 cm apart, and the activity of twenty-seven cells (including five PTNs) during walking with barriers only 6 cm apart. The mR in 67% and in 59% of the cells, respectively, and the dM in 56% and in 67% of the cells, respectively, were greater in these locomotor tasks than during locomotion on the flat. 4. The activity of twenty cells was recorded during walking and compared in experiments with different distances between barriers. The mR in 50% and the dM in 75% of the neurones progressively increased when the distance between successive barriers was diminished. 5. The discharge rates of thirteen cells were compared in two different locomotor tasks: (i) when the cat stepped over barriers requiring hyperflexion of the limbs and (ii) when it walked on the flat with loads attached to the distal forelimbs causing a hyperactivity of flexor muscles. The activity of nine cells was different during stepping over the barriers compared to locomotion with loadings on the forelimbs. 6. The activity of 108 cells (twenty-four PTNs) was recorded during walking along a horizontal ladder with flat rungs. The mR of 61% and the dM of 72% of cells changed by more than 20% during locomotion on the ladder compared with that on the flat (most often they increased). 7. The position of the peak rate relative to the step cycle did not differ in the majority of cells (in 78-91% depending on the task) during locomotion on the flat, with the barriers or on the ladder.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. Haridas, E. P. Zehr, and J. E. Misiaszek Adaptation of Cutaneous Stumble Correction When Tripping Is Part of the Locomotor Environment J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2008; 99(6): 2789 - 2797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Drew, J. Kalaska, and N. Krouchev Muscle synergies during locomotion in the cat: a model for motor cortex control J. Physiol., March 1, 2008; 586(5): 1239 - 1245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Karayannidou, T. G. Deliagina, Z. A. Tamarova, M. G. Sirota, P. V. Zelenin, G. N. Orlovsky, and I. N. Beloozerova Influences of sensory input from the limbs on feline corticospinal neurons during postural responses J. Physiol., January 1, 2008; 586(1): 247 - 263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M. Friel, T. Drew, and J. H. Martin Differential Activity-Dependent Development of Corticospinal Control of Movement and Final Limb Position During Visually Guided Locomotion J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2007; 97(5): 3396 - 3406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. F. Yang and M. Gorassini Spinal and Brain Control of Human Walking: Implications for Retraining of Walking Neuroscientist, October 1, 2006; 12(5): 379 - 389. [Abstract] [PDF]

				N. Krouchev, J. F. Kalaska, and T. Drew Sequential Activation of Muscle Synergies During Locomotion in the Intact Cat as Revealed by Cluster Analysis and Direct Decomposition J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2006; 96(4): 1991 - 2010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. G. Sirota, G. A. Pavlova, and I. N. Beloozerova Activity of the Motor Cortex During Scratching J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2006; 95(2): 753 - 765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Rossignol, R. Dubuc, and J.-P. Gossard Dynamic Sensorimotor Interactions in Locomotion Physiol Rev, January 1, 2006; 86(1): 89 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. I. Prilutsky, M. G. Sirota, R. J. Gregor, and I. N. Beloozerova Quantification of Motor Cortex Activity and Full-Body Biomechanics During Unconstrained Locomotion J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2005; 94(4): 2959 - 2969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. A. Norrie, J. M. Nevett-Duchcherer, and M. A. Gorassini Reduced Functional Recovery by Delaying Motor Training After Spinal Cord Injury J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2005; 94(1): 255 - 264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Bretzner and T. Drew Contribution of the Motor Cortex to the Structure and the Timing of Hindlimb Locomotion in the Cat: A Microstimulation Study J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2005; 94(1): 657 - 672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Bretzner and T. Drew Motor Cortical Modulation of Cutaneous Reflex Responses in the Hindlimb of the Intact Cat J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2005; 94(1): 673 - 687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. G. Sirota, H. A. Swadlow, and I. N. Beloozerova Three Channels of Corticothalamic Communication during Locomotion J. Neurosci., June 22, 2005; 25(25): 5915 - 5925. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. N. Beloozerova, M. G. Sirota, G. N. Orlovsky, and T. G. Deliagina Activity of Pyramidal Tract Neurons in the Cat During Postural Corrections J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2005; 93(4): 1831 - 1844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. Morton and A. J. Bastian Cerebellar Control of Balance and Locomotion Neuroscientist, June 1, 2004; 10(3): 247 - 259. [Abstract] [PDF]

				I. N. Beloozerova, M. G. Sirota, H. A. Swadlow, G. N. Orlovsky, L. B. Popova, and T. G. Deliagina Activity of Different Classes of Neurons of the Motor Cortex during Postural Corrections J. Neurosci., August 27, 2003; 23(21): 7844 - 7853. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. N. Beloozerova and M. G. Sirota Integration of Motor and Visual Information in the Parietal Area 5 During Locomotion J Neurophysiol, August 1, 2003; 90(2): 961 - 971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Ladouceur, H. Barbeau, and B. J. McFadyen Kinematic Adaptations of Spinal Cord-Injured Subjects during Obstructed Walking Neurorehabil Neural Repair, March 1, 2003; 17(1): 25 - 31. [Abstract] [PDF]

				I. N. Beloozerova, M. G. Sirota, and H. A. Swadlow Activity of Different Classes of Neurons of the Motor Cortex during Locomotion J. Neurosci., February 1, 2003; 23(3): 1087 - 1097. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. B. Yakushin, T. Raphan, and B. Cohen Gravity-Specific Adaptation of the Angular Vestibuloocular Reflex: Dependence on Head Orientation With Regard to Gravity J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2003; 89(1): 571 - 586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Lavoie and T. Drew Discharge Characteristics of Neurons in the Red Nucleus During Voluntary Gait Modifications: A Comparison with the Motor Cortex J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2002; 88(4): 1791 - 1814. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. P. Ivanenko, R. Grasso, V. Macellari, and F. Lacquaniti Control of Foot Trajectory in Human Locomotion: Role of Ground Contact Forces in Simulated Reduced Gravity J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2002; 87(6): 3070 - 3089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Giroux, T. A. Reader, and S. Rossignol Comparison of the Effect of Intrathecal Administration of Clonidine and Yohimbine on the Locomotion of Intact and Spinal Cats J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2001; 85(6): 2516 - 2536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. D. Prentice and T. Drew Contributions of the Reticulospinal System to the Postural Adjustments Occurring During Voluntary Gait Modifications J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2001; 85(2): 679 - 698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Brustein and S. Rossignol Recovery of Locomotion After Ventral and Ventrolateral Spinal Lesions in the Cat. I. Deficits and Adaptive Mechanisms J Neurophysiol, September 1, 1998; 80(3): 1245 - 1267. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Grill, K. Murai, A. Blesch, F. H. Gage, and M. H. Tuszynski Cellular Delivery of Neurotrophin-3 Promotes Corticospinal Axonal Growth and Partial Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury J. Neurosci., July 15, 1997; 17(14): 5560 - 5572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. G. Smith, L. Siklos, M. E. Alexianu, J. I. Engelhardt, D. R. Mosier, L. Colom, A. H. Mohamed, and S. H. Appel Autoimmunity and ALS Neurology, October 1, 1996; 47(4_Suppl_2): 40S - 46S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. A. Norrie, J. M. Nevett-Duchcherer, and M. A. Gorassini Reduced Functional Recovery by Delaying Motor Training After Spinal Cord Injury J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2005; 94(1): 255 - 264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]