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The reduction of oxygen to water proceeds via one electron at a time. In the mitochondrial respiratory chain, Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase) retains all partially reduced intermediates until full reduction is achieved. Other redox centres in the electron transport chain, however, may leak electrons to oxygen, partially reducing this molecule to superoxide anion (O2-•). Even though O2-• is not a strong oxidant, it is a precursor of most other reactive oxygen species, and it also becomes involved in the propagation of oxidative chain reactions. Despite the presence of various antioxidant defences, the mitochondrion appears to be the main intracellular source of these oxidants. This review describes the main mitochondrial sources of reactive species and the antioxidant defences that evolved to prevent oxidative damage in all the mitochondrial compartments. We also discuss various physiological and pathological scenarios resulting from an increased steady state concentration of mitochondrial oxidants.
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W.-K. Lee and F. Thevenod A role for mitochondrial aquaporins in cellular life-and-death decisions? Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, August 1, 2006; 291(2): C195 - C202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Kussmaul and J. Hirst The mechanism of superoxide production by NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) from bovine heart mitochondria PNAS, May 16, 2006; 103(20): 7607 - 7612. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y.-B. Shui, J.-J. Fu, C. Garcia, L. K. Dattilo, R. Rajagopal, S. McMillan, G. Mak, N. M. Holekamp, A. Lewis, and D. C. Beebe Oxygen distribution in the rabbit eye and oxygen consumption by the lens. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2006; 47(4): 1571 - 1580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Brueckl, S. Kaestle, A. Kerem, H. Habazettl, F. Krombach, H. Kuppe, and W. M. Kuebler Hyperoxia-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Formation in Pulmonary Capillary Endothelial Cells In Situ Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., April 1, 2006; 34(4): 453 - 463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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