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This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 554/1/4    most recent jphysiol.2003.049742v1 Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Mullins, L. J. Articles by Mullins, J. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Mullins, L. J. Articles by Mullins, J. J. Related Collections Review articles

¹ Molecular Physiology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK² Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK

Cloning is the asexual reproduction of an individual, such that the offspring have an essentially identical nuclear genome. Nuclear transfer and cloning have been achieved in a number of species, namely sheep, cows, goats, rabbits, cats and mice, but have been largely unsuccessful, so far, in dogs, primates and rats. Clearly, contributory factors which affect the outcome of successful cloning experiments are not universally applicable to all species. One theme common to all cloning experiments, however, is the overall inefficiency of the process, typically 0–4%. A number of factors contribute to nuclear transfer inefficiency, and we will review mouse cloning experiments, which address these problems, highlighting the importance of donor nucleus choice (somatic or ES cell, fetal or adult, quiescent or actively dividing). Finally, we will summarize the emerging principles which appear to govern nuclear reprogramming and production of clones, and will consider the application of nuclear transfer to the rat.

(Received 23 June 2003; accepted after revision 16 October 2003; first published online 17 October 2003)
Corresponding author J. J. Mullins: Molecular Physiology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.  Email: j.mullins{at}ed.ac.uk

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