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1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden2 Stockholm University College of Physical Education and Sport, Sweden3 Calab Research/Nova Medical Flow Cytometry Laboratory, St Görans Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,4 Section of Sports Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden5 Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine at Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden6 Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Sweden7 Winternet, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
Muscular adaptation to physical exercise has previously been described as a repair process following tissue damage. Recently, evidence has been published to question this hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate inflammatory processes in human skeletal muscle and epimysium after acute physical exercise with large eccentric components. Three groups of subjects (n= 19) performed 45 min treadmill running at either 4 deg (n= 5) or 8 deg (n= 9) downhill or 4 deg uphill (n= 5) and one group served as control (n= 9). One biopsy was taken from each subject 48 h post exercise. Blood samples were taken up to 7 days post exercise. Compared to the control group, none of the markers of inflammation in muscle and epimysium samples was different in any exercised group. Only subjects in the Downhill groups experienced delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and increased serum creatine kinase activity (CK). The detected levels of immunohistochemical markers for T cells (CD3), granulocytes (CD11b), leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1ß (HIF-1ß) were greater in epimysium from exercised subjects with DOMS ratings >3 (0–10 scale) compared to exercised subjects without DOMS but not higher than controls. Eccentric physical exercise (downhill running) did not result in skeletal muscle inflammation 48 h post exercise, despite DOMS and increased CK. It is suggested that exercise can induce DOMS by activating inflammatory factors present in the epimysium before exercise. Repeated physical training may alter the content of inflammatory factors in the epimysium and thus reduce DOMS.
(Received 10 October 2003;
accepted after revision 3 February 2004;
first published online 6 February 2004)
Corresponding author: C. Malm, Umeå University, Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. Email: Christer.malm{at}anatomy.umu.se
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