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1 Department of Neurophysiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK2 Department of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
The effects of uniform steady state (DC) extracellular electric fields on neuronal excitability were characterized in rat hippocampal slices using field, intracellular and voltage-sensitive dye recordings. Small electric fields (<|40| mV mm–1), applied parallel to the somato-dendritic axis, induced polarization of CA1 pyramidal cells; the relationship between applied field and induced polarization was linear (0.12 ± 0.05 mV per mV mm–1 average sensitivity at the soma). The peak amplitude and time constant (15–70 ms) of membrane polarization varied along the axis of neurons with the maximal polarization observed at the tips of basal and apical dendrites. The polarization was biphasic in the mid-apical dendrites; there was a time-dependent shift in the polarity reversal site. DC fields altered the thresholds of action potentials evoked by orthodromic stimulation, and shifted their initiation site along the apical dendrites. Large electric fields could trigger neuronal firing and epileptiform activity, and induce long-term (>1 s) changes in neuronal excitability. Electric fields perpendicular to the apical–dendritic axis did not induce somatic polarization, but did modulate orthodromic responses, indicating an effect on afferents. These results demonstrate that DC fields can modulate neuronal excitability in a time-dependent manner, with no clear threshold, as a result of interactions between neuronal compartments, the non-linear properties of the cell membrane, and effects on afferents.
(Received 25 September 2003;
accepted after revision 16 February 2004;
first published online 20 February 2004)
Corresponding author J. G. R. Jefferys: Division of Neuroscience (Neurophysiology), University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Egbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. Email: j.g.r.jefferys{at}bham.ac.uk
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