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Topical Review |
1 School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney F13, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
2 Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Muscle damage, characterized by prolonged weakness and delayed onset of stiffness and soreness, is common following contractions in which the muscles are stretched. Stretch-induced damage of this sort is more pronounced in the muscular dystrophies and the profound muscle damage observed in these conditions may involve similar pathways. It has been known for many years that damaged muscles accumulate calcium and that elevating calcium in normal muscles simulates many aspects of muscle damage. The changes in intracellular calcium, sodium and pH following stretched contractions are reviewed and the various pathways which have been proposed to allow ion entry are discussed. One possibility is that TRPC1 (transient receptor potential, canonical), a protein which seems to form both a stretch-activated channel and a store-operated channel, is the main source of Ca2+ entry. The mechanisms by which the changes in intracellular ions contribute to reduced force production, to increased protein breakdown and to increased membrane permeability are considered. A hypothetical scheme for muscle damage which incorporates these ideas is presented.
(Received 29 May 2005;
accepted after revision 5 July 2005;
first published online 7 July 2005)
Corresponding author D. G. Allen: School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney F13, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Email: davida{at}physiol.usyd.edu.au
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