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1 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
2 Department of Clinical Physics
3 Department of Medical Technology, Máxima Medical Center, PO Box 7777, 5500 MB Veldhoven, the Netherlands
4 Department of Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, the Netherlands
5 Department of Pediatrics, division of Neonatology, Academic Hospital Maastricht, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, the Netherlands
We performed a cross-sectional study in human infants to determine if indices of R–R interval variability, systolic blood pressure (SBP) variability, and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity change with postmenstrual age (PMA: gestational age + postnatal age). The electrocardiogram, arterial SBP and respiration were recorded in clinically stable infants (PMA, 28–42 weeks) in the quiet sleep state in the first days after birth. (Cross-)spectral analyses of R–R interval series and SBP series were performed to calculate the power of low-frequency (LF, indicating baroreceptor reflex activity, 0.04–0.15 Hz) and high-frequency (HF, indicating parasympathetic activity, individualized between the p-10 and p-90 values of respiratory frequency) fluctuations, and transfer function phase and gain. The mean R–R interval, and LF and HF spectral powers of R–R interval series increased with PMA. The mean SBP increased with PMA, but not the LF and HF spectral powers of SBP series. In the LF range, cross-spectral analysis showed high coherence values (> 0.5) with a consistent negative phase shift between R–R interval and SBP, indicating a 
3 s lag in R–R interval changes in relation to SBP. Baroreceptor reflex sensitivity, calculated from LF transfer gain, increased significantly with PMA, from 5 (preterm) to 15 ms mmHg–1 (term). Baroreceptor reflex sensitivity correlated significantly with the (LF and) HF spectral powers of R–R interval series, but not with the LF and HF spectral powers of SBP series. The principal conclusions are that baroreceptor reflex sensitivity and spectral power in R–R interval series increase in parallel with PMA, suggesting a progressive vagal maturation with PMA.
(Received 29 June 2005;
accepted after revision 25 July 2005;
first published online 28 July 2005)
Corresponding author P. Andriessen: Máxima Medical Center, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, PO Box 7777, 5500 MB Veldhoven, the Netherlands. Email: p.andriessen{at}mmc.nl
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