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NEUROSCIENCE |
1 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University, St Louis MO 63110, USA
2 Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
3 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
Diverse retinal outputs are mediated by ganglion cells that receive excitatory input from distinct classes of bipolar cells (BCs). These classes of BCs separate visual signals into rod, ON and OFF cone pathways. Although BC signalling is a major determinant of the ganglion cell-mediated retinal output, it is not fully understood how light-evoked, presynaptic inhibition from amacrine cell inputs shapes BC outputs. To determine whether differences in presynaptic inhibition uniquely modulate BC synaptic output to specific ganglion cells, we assessed the inhibitory contributions of GABAA, GABAC and glycine receptors across the BC pathways. Here we show that different proportions of GABAA and GABAC receptor-mediated inhibition determined the kinetics of GABAergic presynaptic inhibition across different BC classes. Large, slow GABAC and small, fast GABAA receptor-mediated inputs to rod BCs prolonged light-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (L-IPSCs), while smaller GABAC and larger GABAA receptor-mediated contributions produced briefer L-IPSCs in ON and OFF cone BCs. Glycinergic inhibition also varied across BC class. In the rod-dominant conditions studied here, slow glycinergic inputs dominated L-IPSCs in OFF cone BCs, attributable to inputs from the rod pathway via AII amacrine cells, while rod and ON cone BCs received little and no glycinergic input, respectively. As these large glycinergic inputs come from rod signalling pathways, in cone-dominant conditions L-IPSCs in OFF cone bipolar cells will probably be dominated by GABAA receptor-mediated input. Thus, unique presynaptic receptor combinations mediate distinct forms of inhibition to selectively modulate BC outputs, enhancing the distinctions among parallel retinal signals.
(Received 6 March 2007;
accepted after revision 23 April 2007;
first published online 26 April 2007)
Corresponding author P. D. Lukasiewicz: Department of Ophthalmology, Campus Box 8096, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. Email: lukasiewicz{at}vision.wustl.edu
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