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¹ Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM-Hôtel-Dieu), Montreal, PQ, Canada
² Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
³ Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
⁴ Department of Physiology, University of Wurzburg, Germany

	Abstract

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This study examines the mechanism of P_2Y-induced Cl^– secretion in monolayers of C7–Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells triggered by basolateral application of ATP and measured as transcellular short current (I_SC). Both ATP-induced arachidonic acid (AA) synthesis and I_SC in ATP-treated cells were abolished by the phosholipase A₂ (PLA₂) inhibitor, AACOCF₃. The cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin decreased I_SC and cAMP production in ATP-treated cells with an IC₅₀ of 0.3 µM. ATP led to rapid activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), as estimated by phosphorylation of a vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein. PKA activity and I_SC evoked by ATP, as well as by prostaglandin E₁ (PGE₁), were diminished in the presence of the PKA inhibitor H-89 or an adenovirus-mediated expression of PKA-inhibitor protein, PKI. In contrast, indomethacin completely blocked the increment of PKA and I_SC triggered by ATP and AA, but did not affect PKA activation and I_SC detected with PGE₁. The kinetics of [Ca²⁺]_i elevation in ATP- and thapsigargin-treated cells were similar and suppressed by the Ca_i²⁺ chelator BAPTA. Neither baseline nor maximal increment of ATP-induced I_SC was affected by thapsigargin and BAPTA. Real-time PCR showed that C7 cells express more mRNA for P_2Y1 and P_2Y2 than for other P_2Y receptor subtypes. The rank order of potency (2MeSATP > ATP > ADP >> UTP) indicates that P_2Y1 rather than P_2Y2 receptors contribute to PKA and I_SC activation. Viewed collectively, these data show that Cl^– secretion in C7–MDCK monolayers treated with basolateral ATP is triggered by P_2Y1 receptors and is mediated by subsequent [Ca²⁺]_i-independent activation of PLA₂ and PKA.

(Received 8 July 2005; accepted after revision 15 August 2005; first published online 18 August 2005)
Corresponding author S. N. Orlov: Centre de recherche, CHUM – Hôtel-Dieu, 3850 rue St-Urbain, Montréal, Quebec H2W 1T7, Canada. Email: sergei.n.orlov{at}umontreal.ca

	Introduction

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Because of compensatory reactions occurring in proximal tubular segments via tubuloglomerular feedback, renal collecting ducts are considered a major target for the regulation of water/salt homeostasis by hormones and neurotransmitters, such as arginine vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide, prostanoids, mineralocorticoids and catecholamines, providing electrogenic Na⁺ absorption or Cl^– secretion (Breyer & Ando, 1994). Evidence for the involvement in the regulation of renal salt and water homeostasis of heterotrimeric G-protein-coupled P_2Y receptors affected by ATP, UTP, and ADP comes from data showing the presence of mRNA encoding these receptors, the major sources of extracellular nucleosides and modulation of renal function in vitro and in situ by nucleotide receptor agonists and antagonists (for recent review, see Chan et al. 2001; Vallon, 2003; Leipziger, 2003; Komlosi et al. 2005).

The pathophysiological roles of nucleotide-mediated signalling in the kidney are only beginning to emerge. Thus, Rost et al. (2002) reported that in the rat model of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, the P₂ receptor antagonist PPADS dose-dependently reduced early glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and increased serum creatine and urea. In cysts excised from the kidneys of patients suffering from autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, the concentration of ATP is increased up to 10 µM (Wilson et al. 1999). Based on these results, Schwiebert et al. (2002) proposed that P_2Y receptors contribute to enhanced Cl^– secretion, i.e. a key cell physiological marker of this disease.

Data on ion fluxes regulation by nucleotides in the distal tubule have mainly been obtained with Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. In these renal epithelial cells, ATP-induced transcellular short-circuit current (I_SC) (Simmons, 1981b) is accompanied by diverse signalling triggered by activation of P_2Y receptors that results in transient elevation of [Ca²⁺]_i; opening of Ca²⁺-sensitive K⁺ channels and hyperpolarization, production of cAMP, inositol 1,4,5-triphospate (IP₃), arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂); activation of protein kinase C (PKC), extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK1/2) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), etc. (Paulmichl & Lang, 1988; Friedrich et al. 1989; Paulmichl et al. 1991; Insel et al. 1996, 2001). Along with ATP, I_SC in MDCK cells can also be triggered by cAMP-increasing compounds, such as adrenaline, isoproterenol, forskolin, 8-Br-cAMP, PGE₁ and PGE₂ (Brown & Simmons, 1981; Simmons, 1991a; Woo et al. 1998), and suppressed by the intracellular Ca²⁺ chelator BAPTA as well as by inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) such as indomethacin (Simmons, 1981a; Zegarra-Moran et al. 1995).

It should be emphasized that MDCK cells available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC–MDCK) are heterogeneous and develop different levels of transepithelial electrical resistance (R_te). By seeding ATCC–MDCK cells at low density, Gekle et al. (1994) isolated C7 and C11 subclones possessing high and low R_te and resembling principal and intercalated cells, respectively, from the collecting duct. Importantly, P_2Y-induced signalling shows striking differences in ATCC–MDCK and C7–MDCK cells: inhibition of Na⁺,K⁺,Cl^– cotransport and activation of ERK1/2 MAPK and capacitive calcium entry seen in ATP-treated ATCC–MDCK cells (Gagnon et al. 1999) are absent in C7–MDCK cells (Orlov et al. 1999).

We have reported that ATP triggers I_SC in C7– but not in C11–MDCK cells (Bourcier et al. 2002). We also documented that in C7–MDCK cells P_2Y-induced I_SC is mediated by activation of apical and basolateral anion channels that have different sensitivities to benzoic acid derivatives and that results in transcellular Cl^– movement from the serosal to the mucosal compartment (Bourcier et al. 2002; Brindikova et al. 2003). In the present study, we employed several independent tools to activate and inhibit cAMP-, phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂)- and Ca²⁺-mediated signalling, and compared their action on the kinetics of P_2Y-driven Cl^– secretion in C7–MDCK monolayers. Data obtained in these studies allowed us to conclude that Cl^– secretion in ATP-treated C7 cells is triggered by P_2Y1 receptors and is mediated by subsequent activation of PLA₂ and PKA independently of the sharp elevation of [Ca²⁺]_i.

	Methods

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Cell culture

C7–MDCK cells, obtained as previously described (Gekle et al. 1994), were cultured in Hepes-NaHCO₃-buffered Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, pH 7.4) supplemented with 2.5 g l^–1 sodium bicarbonate, 2 g l^–1 Hepes, 100 U ml^–1 penicillin, 100 µg ml^–1 streptomycin and 10% fetal bovine serum. Upon reaching subconfluency, they were passaged by treatment in Ca²⁺- and Mg²⁺-free Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline with 0.1% trypsin and scraped from the flasks with a rubber policeman. Dispersed cells were counted and inoculated at 1.25 x 10³ cells cm^–2 in coverslips, 35 mm Petri dishes, 12-well plates or 1 cm² permeable inserts (Corning Brand Transwell plate inserts, Fisher Scientific, Montreal, PQ, USA).

Adenovirus-mediated gene transduction

Cells seeded in permeable inserts or 12-well plates were subjected to 24 h serum deprivation and incubated for the next 24 h in DMEM containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 3 x 10⁹ viral particles (v.p.) ml^–1 of E1^–, E3^– replication-deficient adenovirus (Ad5) encoding the cDNA for the PKA inhibitor, PKI (AdPKI). We have previously confirmed the efficiency of AdPKI transduction in a specific inhibition of PKA in intact cells (Hogarth et al. 2004). Adenovirus encoding the CMV-driven LacZ (AdLacZ) gene served as a control.

Electrical measurements

After 3–4 days of seeding on Transwell inserts, R_te values were measured with EVOM^. (World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, FL, USA). For I_SC measurements, the Transwell inserts containing monolayers with R_te in the range from 1500 to 3500 x cm² were subjected to 24 h serum deprivation and mounted between halves of an Ussing chamber (Warner Instrument Corp., Hamden, CT, USA). Fluid in each half of the chamber was connected via KCl-agar bridges to voltage and current electrodes and clamped at 0 mV, using an EC-825 epithelial voltage-clamp amplifier (Warner Instrument Corp.). Basolateral and apical solutions, 16 and 14 ml, respectively, containing DMEM with 0.1% BSA were circulated by airlifting with 5% CO₂/95% air and kept at 37°C in a water jacket. For more details, see Bourcier et al. (2002).

[Ca²⁺]_i, measurement

C7–MDCK cells grown on glass coverslips were incubated for 30–40 min in medium B containing 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM CaCl₂, 5 mM glucose, 20 mM Hepes-Tris buffer (pH 7.4) and supplied with 5 µM fura 2-AM. Then, they were washed twice with medium B and kept for up to 30 min at room temperature before the experiments. Coverslips with fura 2-loaded cells were placed in the bottom of a laminar flow-through chamber mounted on the stage of a Nikon inverted microscope equipped for epifluorescence (Eclipse TE300, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). The cells were illuminated at 340 and 380 nm with a 100 W mercury lamp and interference filters (Chroma Technology Corp., Brattleboro, VT, USA) mounted on a filter wheel (Sutter Lambda 10-C, Sutter Instruments, MA, USA) and a dichroic mirror (510/40 nm, Chroma Technology Corp.). Images of single cells at 510 nm-emitted light were acquired via a 40x objective (CFI PL FLUOR, Nikon) and a Princeton T57 Micromax CCD camera at the rate of one ratio image per 4 s. In this imaging system (Canbara Packard Canada, Mississauga, ON, USA), cell illumination and fluorescence image acquisition hardware were run by MetaFluor software (Universal Imaging Corp., West Chester, PA, USA).

cAMP production

Cells seeded in 12-well plates were washed twice with medium A and incubated for 1 h in 1 ml of medium B with or without ATP and indomethacin. After aspiration of this medium, the cells were treated with 1 ml of 1 M perchloric acid, and cAMP production was quantified as previously described (Orlov et al. 1999).

PLA2 assay

PLA₂ assay was performed in accordance with a slightly modified method (Xing et al. 1997). Briefly, after 15 min stimulation with agonists in 35 cm² flasks, the medium was aspirated and the cells were washed with ice-cold medium B containing 0.2% BSA, then scraped in 1 ml of medium containing (mM): 20 NaCl, 25 Hepes (pH 7.5), 2 EDTA, 2 EGTA, 200 µM Na₃VO₄, 1 µg ml^–1 leupeptin, 1 µg ml^–1 aprotinin and 1 mM PMSF. After 2 x 10 s sonication, the cell lysate was centrifuged (1000 g, 10 min), and 200 ml of supernatant was added to 0.8 ml of medium containing (mM): 25 Hepes (pH 7.5), 1 EDTA, 4 CaCl₂, 1 DTT, 200 µM Na₃VO₄, 1 µg ml^–1 leupeptin, 1 µg ml^–1 aprotinin, 1 mM PMSF and 10 µM 1-stearoyl-2-[1-¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-sn-glycerol. After 1 h incubation at 37°C, the reaction was stopped by the addition of 1.5 ml of 1: 2 (v/v) chloroform–methanol. Arachidonic acid was separated from total lipid extracts by thin layer chromatography and quantified in a liquid scintillation counter.

Western blot analysis

After stimulation with the desired agonists in 12-well plates, the cells were lysed on ice in 0.125 ml of buffer containing 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 2 mM EDTA, 2 mM EGTA, 25 mM Hepes (pH 7.5), 10% glycerol, 1 mM NaF, 200 µM Na₃VO₄, and protease inhibitors (1 µg ml^–1 leupeptin, 1 µg ml^–1 aprotinin and 1 mM PMSF). The lysates were cleared from insoluble material by centrifugation at 20 000 g for 10 min, boiled in Laemmli buffer, subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to Immobilon-P membranes (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA, USA). The membranes were treated with primary antibodies followed by horseradish peroxide-conjugated secondary antibodies (Calbiochem, San Diego, CA, USA), and developed by enhanced chemiluminescence reaction (Pierce).

Total RNA

Total RNA was isolated from cells seeded in 75 cm² flasks by Trizol reagent (Invitrogen Burlington, ON, Canada). First strand cDNA synthesis was carried out with 2 mg of total RNA and random primers using SuprScript First-Strand Synthesis 11904–018 (Invitrogen) as recommended by the manufacturer.

Real-time PCR

Real-time PCR was performed on 2 ng reverse-transcribed RNA using a QuantiTect SYBR kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) in conjunction with primers specific for canine P_2Y receptor subtypes shown in Brindikova et al. (2003), i.e. P_2Y4, P_2Y6 and P_2Y11, and Table 1 and manufactured by Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, IA, USA). Thermocycling and detection was performed using a Opticon Monitor system (MJ Research, Hercules, CA, USA). Melting curve analysis, gel electrophoresis of PCR products and sequencing were used to confirm primer specificity.

The previously described (Lum et al. 1999) replication-deficient adenovirus vector encoding PKI gene (AdPKI) was kindly provided by Dr R. Green (University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA). The control adenovirus (AdLacZ) gene was a gift from Dr M. Dunn (Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA). Phospho-PKA substrate (RRXS*/T*) and antivasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) rabbit monoclonal antibodies were obtained from Cell Signalling (Hornby, ON, Canada) and Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA), respectively. DMEM, calf serum and other ingredients for cell culture were purchased from Gibco Laboratories (Burlington, ON, Canada). 1-Stearoyl-2-[1-¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-sn-glycerol was procured from Amersham (Baie d'Urfé, PQ, Canada), fura 2-AM from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA), ATP, UTP, ADP, UDP, 2MeSATP, BAPTA-AM from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), U73122 and U73343 from Calbiochem, and arachidonyltrifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3) and arachidonylmethyl ketone (AACOCH3) from BIOMOL (Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA). Salts and buffers were obtained from Sigma and Anachemia Science (Montreal, PQ, Canada).

	Results

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Role of PKA in agonist-stimulated I_SC

Both basal and apical applications of ATP resulted in rapid development of I_SC, reaching maximal values 30 s after ATP addition, which was followed by attenuation with a decline of 50% in 10 min (Fig. 1). As shown in our previous studies, positive deflection of I_SC in ATP-treated C7–MDCK monolayers indicates Cl^– movement from the basolateral to the apical surface (Bourcier et al. 2002). Basolateral application of PGE₁ or the ß-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol resulted in I_SC with approximately similar maximal values (I_SC-MAX) but more long-lasting kinetics compared to ATP-treated cells. Unlike ATP, isoproterenol was inactive when added to the apical surface. The transepithelial ion current triggered by apical PGE₁ displayed 5-fold less I_SC-MAX compared to basolateral application of this compound (Fig. 1). The asymmetrical action of isoproterenol and PGE₁ on I_SC is consistent with previous data obtained in ATCC–MDCK cells (Brown & Simmons, 1981; Simmons, 1991b). Application of a permeable cAMP analogue (8-Br-cAMP) led to slowly developing I_SC compared to ATP, isoproterenol and PGE₁, whereas 8-Br-cGMP was inactive (Fig. 1). Negative results were also obtained with 10 µM adenosine (data not shown), indicating a lack of contribution of the ecto-ATPase/P1-receptor-coupled pathway in ATP-induced transcellular ion current. In subsequent experiments, we added isoproterenol, PGE₁ and ATP to the serosal solution, whereas other compounds were applied to both surfaces of the cell monolayers.

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1.  Short-circuit current in monolayers of c7-MDCK cell Typical records of ISC modulation by 100 µM ATP, 10 µM isoproterenol (ISO), 1 µM PGE1, 500 µM 8-Br-cAMP or 500 µM 8-Br-cGMP applied to the basal (bas) and the apical (ap) surface of C7–MDCK cell monolayers.

View larger version (56K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2.  Kinetics of protein phosphorylation detected by western blotting Western blotting was carried out with antibodies against phosphorylated PKA-substrates containing PKA phosphorylation motif (RRXS*/T*) (A) and anti-VASP (B) antibodies in C7–MDCK cells treated with 10 µM isoproterenol (ISO), 1 µM PGE1 and 100 µM ATP.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3.  Kinetics of modulation of the VASPP/VASP ratio by 10 µm isoproterenol (ISO), 1 µm PGE1 and 100 µm ATP Mean values obtained from three experiments are shown. The VASPP/VASP ratio in the absence of any stimuli was taken as 1.0.

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4.  Effect of PKA inhibitor on VASP phosphorylation and ISC in C7–MDCK cells A, representative blot showing the effects of AdPKI (3 x 109 v.p. ml–1) and H-89 (10 µm) on VASP phosphorylation in control cells (CON) and cells treated for 2 min with 100 µm ATP, 10 µm isoproterenol (ISO) or 1 µm PGE1. B, the effect of AdPKI and H-89 on the VASPP/VASP ratio and C, maximal values of ISC (ISC-MAX) triggered by ATP, isoproterenol and PGE1. AdPKI and H-89 were applied, respectively, 24 h and 20 min before addition of the above-listed stimuli. Means ± S.E.M. from three (VASP phosphorylation) and four (ISC) experiments are shown. The VASPP/VASP ratio and ISC-MAX values obtained with ATP-, isoproterenol- or PGE1-treated cells in the absence of AdPKI and H-89 were taken as 100%.

In ATCC–MDCK (Post et al. 1996, 1998; Xing et al. 1999) and C7–MDCK cells (Orlov et al. 1999), ATP sharply augments cAMP production in a manner partially inhibited by indomethacin, suggesting an autocrine PLA₂/AA/COX/PGE-mediated pathway of PKA activation. This hypothesis is consistent with data showing activation of PLA₂ (Post et al. 1996; Xing et al. 1999) and augmented production of AA (Firestein et al. 1996; Xing et al. 1997, 1999) and PGE₂ (Post et al. 1998) in ATP-treated ATCC–MDCK cells. To examine the role of PLA₂ in P_2Y-induced Cl^– secretion, we treated the cells with an inhibitor of this enzyme, AACOCF₃, or with its inactive structural analogue AACOCH₃. Both ATP-induced [¹⁴C]-AA release from 1-Stearoyl-2-[1-¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-sn-glycerol and ATP-induced I_SC-MAX across C7–MDCK monolayers were almost completely abolished by AACOCF₃ but not AACOCH₃ (Fig. 5).

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 5.  Effect of AACOCF3 and AACOCH3 on PLA2 activity (A) and ISC in monolayers of C7–MDCK cells (B) AACOCF3 and AACOCH3 were added at concentrations of 200 µM 30 min before stimulation of cells with 100 µM ATP. Radioactivity of AA spots in the absence of any additions (dpm (mg protein)-1) was taken as 100%. The maximal values of ISC developed in ATP-treated cells are shown. Means ± S.E.M. from experiments performed in guadruplicate (PLA2 activity) or from three experiments (ISC) are given.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 6.  Dose-dependent inhibition by indomethacin of cAMP production (A) and maximal increment of ISC (B) triggered by 100 µM ATP Cells were preincubated with indomethacin 20 min before ATP addition. In the absence of ATP, cAMP production varied in the range from 6–10 pmol (mg protein)–1 h–1 and was not affected by indomethacin. triggered by values in the absence of indomethacin were taken as 100%. Means ± S.E.M. from experiments performed in quadruplicate (cAMP) or from three experiments (ISC) are given.

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 7.  Effect of indomethacin (IND) on VASP phosphorylation (A) and transepithelial current (B) in control C7–MDCK cells (CON) and in cells treated with ATP, isoproterenol (ISO) or PGE1 Indomethacin (10 µM) was added 20 min before 100 µM ATP; 10 µM isoproterenol and 1 µM PGE1 were applied for the next 2 (A) or 10 (B) min. Means ± S.E.M. from three experiments are shown.

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 8.  Effect of arachidonic acid (AA) on transepithelial ion current and VASP phosphorylation in C7–MDCK cells A, typical record of ISC triggered by basal (bas) and apical (ap) application of AA, linoleic acid (LA) and oleic acid (OA) at a concentration of 10 µM. B, effect of indomethacin (IND, 10 µM), AdPKI (30 v.p. ml–1) and H-89 (10 µM) on VASP phosphorylation in the absence and presence of 10 µM AA. Cells were pretreated for 24 h with AdPKI and for 20 min with indomethacin or H-89 and then AA was applied for 2 min. C, effect of indomethacin, AdPKI and H-89 on maximal ISC values triggered by the addition of 10 mM AA. ISC-MAX values obtained in AA-treated cells in the absence of the above-listed inhibitors were taken as 100%. Means ± S.E.M. from three experiments are shown.

ATP rapidly augmented [Ca²⁺]_i, as indicated by more than two-fold elevation of the fura-2 F₃₄₀/F₃₈₀ fluorescence ratio in 10–20 s of cell stimulation (Fig. 9). [Ca²⁺]_i was almost completely normalized in 3–4 min of ATP addition, a result consistent with our previous findings (Orlov et al. 1999).

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 9.  Effect of 100 µM ATP, 10 µM indomethacin (IND), 1 µM ionomycin (ION) and 0.5 µM thapsigargin (TG) on [Ca2+]i in control and BAPTA-loaded C7–MDCK cells BAPTA-AM was added at a concentration of 25 µM simultaneously with fura-2AM. For more details, see Methods.

The sharp increase of [Ca²⁺]_i detected in thapsigargin-treated cells (Fig. 9) was not accompanied by any transcellular ion current (Fig. 10). The addition of ionomycin resulted in short-lasting I_SC with 3–5-fold lower maximal values than in response to ATP. Neither thapsigargin nor ionomycin significantly affected I_SC-MAX in ATP-treated cells, but each produced a more rapid decline of transcellular charge movement. I_SC-MAX in ATP-treated cells was also insensitive to the presence of BAPTA. We noted, however, that in contrast to thapsigargin and ionomycin, BAPTA attenuated the normalization of ATP-induced I_SC (Fig. 10).

View larger version (11K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 10.  Typical records of ISC triggered by the addition of 100 µM ATP and its modulation by 0.5 µM thapsigargin (TG), 1 µM ionomycin (ION) and 25 µM BAPTA-AM Thapsigargin, ionomycin and BAPTA were added to both serosal and mucosal medium, whereas ATP was applied to the basolateral surface of C7–MDCK monolayers. BAPTA-AM was added 30 min before stimulation with ATP.

Using northern blot analysis, we detected the presence of P_2Y1, P_2Y2 and P_2Y11 mRNA species in C7 cells (Brindikova et al. 2003). Real-time PCR shows that these cells express abundant levels of mRNA for P_2Y2 and P_2Y1 receptor subtypes whereas the content of P_2Y11, P_2Y12 and P_2Y14 mRNA is 5–6 orders of magnitude lower than that of P_2Y2 (Fig. 11). Expression of mRNA for P_2Y4, P_2Y6 and P_2Y13 receptors was below the limit of detection.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 11.  P2Y receptor gene expression in C7–MDCK cells Real-time PCR was performed using P2Y subtype-specific primer pairs in conjunction with SYBR Green dye I. mRNA abundance was normalized to GADPH expression and presented relative to P2Y2 receptors. Means ± S.E.M. from experiments performed in triplicate are shown.

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 12.  Dose-dependent effect of P2Y agonists on VASP phosphorylation (A and B), ISC (C) and intracellular Ca2+ concentration (D) in C7–MDCK cells The VASPP/VASP ratio in the absence of any stimuli was taken as 1.0. The maximal increments of ISC and [Ca2+]i triggered by 2MeSATP and UTP, respectively, were taken as 100%. Mean values obtained from three experiments are shown.

	Discussion

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View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 13.  Possible mechanism of nucleotide (P2Y1) receptor-induced Cl– secretion in monolayers of C7–MDCK cells 1, Cl– channels; AC, adenylyl cyclase; EP, PGE receptors; PL, AA-containing phospholipids; INDO, indomethacin; a.m and b.m., apical and basolateral membrane, respectively; ?, unknown steps or intermediates; and —|, activatory and inhibitory stimuli, respectively. Compounds used to verify this model appear in italics. For other abbreviations and details, see text.

The opposite effects of thapsigargin and ionomycin versus BAPTA on the kinetics of attenuation of ATP-induced I_SC (Fig. 10) indicate that transient elevation of [Ca²⁺]_i contributes to rapid inactivation of ATP-induced I_SC, which contrasts with the relatively sustained I_SC observed for cells treated with PGE₁ and other cAMP-increasing stimuli (Fig. 1). The role of PLA₂ in downregulation of cAMP production detected in forskolin-treated ATCC–MDCK cells (Ostrom et al. 2001) and delayed activation of Na⁺ channels seen in PGE₂-treated C7–MDCK cells (Wegmann & Nüsing, 2003) should be also considered as possible mechanisms underlying the distinct kinetics observed for modulation of I_SC by these stimuli.

Real-time PCR data show that the level of P_2Y1 and P_2Y2 expression in C7–MDCK cells is 5–6 orders of magnitude higher than that of other P_2Y receptor subtypes (Fig. 11). The comparison of rank order of potency of nucleotides detected in our study (Fig. 12) with data published for cloned P_2Y receptors (Kunapuli & Daniel, 1998; Vassort, 2001) strongly suggests that activation of PKA and I_SC triggered by basolateral application of agonists is mediated by P_2Y1 receptors with low sensitivity to UTP, whereas UTP-sensitive P2Y₂ receptors contribute to Ca²⁺ signalling (Fig. 12D). It was recently shown that haemagglutinin-tagged P_2Y1 and P_2Y2 receptors mainly reside on basolateral and apical membranes of MDCK cells, respectively (Wolff et al. 2005). Considering this, the role of P_2Y2 receptor-coupled signalling cascade in Cl^– secretion seen under apical application of ATP (Fig. 1) should be examined further.

In conclusion, our results show that Cl^– secretion in monolayers of C7–MDCK cells subjected to basolateral application of ATP is triggered by P_2Y1 receptors and involves a Ca²⁺_i-independent PLA₂/COX/PKA-mediated signalling pathway (Fig. 13), but leave numerous questions unresolved: Which G proteins mediate upstream signalling triggered by P_2Y1 receptors? Does PLA₂-mediated AA production contribute to Cl^– secretion via prostanoid synthesis, or does AA also directly affect other targets (Mignen & Shuttleworth, 2000; Carattino et al. 2003)? Is PKA in ATP-treated cells activated exclusively via cAMP production or is the activity of this enzyme also affected by cAMP-independent signalling (Zhong et al. 1997; Dulin et al. 2001; Niu et al. 2001)? Nucleotide receptor-induced transcellular ion fluxes are not a unique feature of MDCK cell monolayers. Indeed, augmented Cl^– secretion and attenuated Na⁺ reabsorption were detected in ATP-treated cells derived from mouse and rabbit inner medullary and cortical collecting ducts (McCoy et al. 1999; Boese et al. 2000; Cuffe et al. 2000; Unwin et al. 2003). What is the contribution of P_2Y-mediated Cl^– secretion to the regulation of kidney function under normal and pathophysiological conditions? Such questions will be the focus of our forthcoming studies.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
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	Acknowledgements

 
This work was supported by grants from the Kidney Foundation of Canada (S.N.O.) and from the National Institute of Health (GM66232 – P.I.). The technical assistance of Monique Poirier and the editorial help of Ovid Da Silva, Editor, Research Support Office, Centre de recherche, CHUM, are appreciated.

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