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MOLECULAR AND GENOMIC |
1 Institute of Structural Biology, UMR5075 CEA-CNRS-University J. Fourier, 41, rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble, France
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Abstract |
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1 µM, regardless of the presence of nucleotides, but it had no effect on channels formed by the association of Kir6.2 and the N-terminal transmembrane domain TMD0 of SUR. Rho123 blocked SUR + Kir6.2 channels with the same affinity as Kir6.2 but this effect was antagonized by ATP. Protection from Rho123 block by ATP was due to direct binding of ATP to SUR and did not entail hydrolysis because it was not mimicked by AMP, did not require Mg2+ and was reduced by mutations in the nucleotide-binding domains of SUR. These results suggest that Rho123 binds at the TMD0–Kir6.2 interface and that binding of ATP to SUR triggers a change in the structure of the contact zone between Kir6.2 and domain TMD0 of SUR that causes masking of the Rho123 site on Kir6.2.
(Received 10 April 2007;
accepted after revision 10 May 2007;
first published online 17 May 2007)
Corresponding author M. Vivaudou: IBS/LPM, 41, rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble, France. Email: vivaudou{at}cea.fr
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Introduction |
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SUR is unique among ABC proteins because its only known function is to regulate an ion channel and its only position is next to Kir6.2. Nonetheless, its sequence predicts a similar structure as that of most other members of the ABCC subfamily (Moreau et al. 2005b). SUR possess the core ABC protein domains, two transmembrane domains TMD1 and TMD2 and two cytosolic nucleotide-binding domains NBD1 and NBD2. In addition, like multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) and a few other ABC proteins, it has a supplementary N-terminal transmembrane domain TMD0, predicted to be comprised of five transmembrane helices, attached by a cytoplasmic loop L0 to the rest of the protein. If the contribution of TMD0 to the targeting and function of MRP1 is not essential (Bakos et al. 1998), it appears to be fundamental for SUR and its interaction with Kir6.2. Experimental evidence (Chan et al. 2003; Babenko & Bryan, 2003) shows that TMD0 solidly attaches to Kir6.2 and could modulate its gating in conjunction with loop L0. These conclusions rely mainly on coexpression of various SUR fragments with Kir6.2 and observation of the activity of the resulting channels. Such experiments suggest that different fragments of SUR adopt different conformations with Kir6.2 but do not determine whether and when full-length wild-type channels adopt some of these conformations and dynamically switch among them in responses to various stimuli.
Here, we introduce a new tool able to probe the conformation of the SUR–Kir6.2 interface. This tool is the fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 (Rho123) which, like other rhodamine derivatives, is commonly used to locate mitochondria and monitor mitochondrial transmembrane potential, because it is a membrane-permeant fluorescent dye that is positively charged and therefore accumulates in the electronegative mitochondrial matrix (Johnson et al. 1981). Rho123 is known to inhibit ATP synthase by binding to an unknown site on the F1-ATPase (Modica-Napolitano & Aprille, 1987). It also binds to and is a substrate of the ABC transporters MRP1 (Daoud et al. 2000) and P-glycoprotein (Loetchutinat et al. 2003). Here we demonstrate that Rho123 blocks the KATP channel by interacting not with SUR but with Kir6.2. As this effect depends on the conformation of SUR, and more precisely on that of the TMD0–Kir6.2 interface, we show that Rho123 is a valuable probe of the different configurations of this interface induced by physiological and pharmacological ligands of SUR.
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Methods |
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C36 construct (i.e. Kir6.2 with the last C-terminal 36 amino acids deleted), a premature stop codon was introduced at the correct position. The entire coding sequence of each clone was verified by sequencing. After amplification and linearization, plasmid DNAs were transcribed in vitro by using the T7 mMessage mMachine Kit (Ambion) to produce cRNA for subsequent oocyte microinjection.
Female Xenopus laevis were anaesthetized with 3-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (1 g l(water)–1). Part of one ovary was removed with a minilaparotomy, the incision was sutured, and the animal was allowed to recover. Animal handling and experiments fully conformed with French regulations and were approved by local governmental veterinary services (authorization no. 28-03-15 from the Ministère de l'Agriculture, Direction des Services Vétérinaires to M.V.). Stage V or VI oocytes were defolliculated by a 60 min incubation at 19°C with 2 mg ml–1 type A collagenase (Sigma-Aldrich). Selected oocytes were injected the next day with cRNAs encoding wild-type or truncated Kir6.2 (0.2 or 2 ng) and, where applicable, TMD0 (2 ng) or wild-type or modified SURs (6 ng). Injected oocytes were stored at 19°C in Barth's solution containing (mM): KCl 1, MgSO4 0.82, NaCl 88, NaHCO3 2.4, CaCl2 0.41, Ca(NO3)2 0.3 and Hepes 16 (pH 7.4) supplemented with 100 U ml–1 penicillin, 100 µg ml–1 streptomycin and 100 µg ml–1 gentamycin. Three to five days after injection, oocytes were devitellinized and recombinant KATP channels were characterized by the patch-clamp technique in the excised inside-out configuration at room temperature (22°C). Patch pipettes contained (mM): K+ 154, Cl– 146, Mg2+ 5 and Pipes-KOH 10 (pH 7.1). The cytoplasmic face of the patch was bathed in solutions which, unless otherwise noted, contained (mM): K+ 174, Cl– 40, EGTA 1, Mg2+ 1, Pipes-KOH 10 (pH 7.1) and methanesulphonate– as the remaining anion. For experiments in 0 Mg2+, Mg2+ was omitted and EGTA was replaced by EDTA. ATP, AMP (potassium salt; Sigma-Aldrich), and rhodamine compounds (30 mM stock in ethanol; Sigma-Aldrich) were added as specified. Membrane potential was –50 mV except where noted. Applications of the various solutions to the patch were performed using RSC-100 or RSC-200 automated sewer pipes systems (Bio-Logic; Vivaudou & Forestier, 1995). Pipe switching time was set to 200 ms; however, the gravity-driven flow rate being slow, real solution switching at the membrane patch took longer and there were occasional artefacts due to mixing of the oocyte bathing solution containing 2 mM ATP.
Data acquisition and analysis were performed with in-house software. Slow fluctuations of the baseline were removed by interactive fitting with a spline curve and subtraction of this fit from the signal. Non-linear curve fitting was performed with Origin software (OriginLab).
The tracings shown in the illustrations originate from different patches, except where noted, and represent continuous records. To quantify the effects of rhodamine in 0 ATP, where currents are more prone to rundown, whenever possible current decline before application was extrapolated manually and this extrapolated value served as the control current. However, no obvious differences were noticed between overall results and observations limited to patches displaying little or no rundown. Results are displayed as means ± S.E.M.
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Results |
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Xenopus oocytes injected either with cRNA of Kir6.2C36 (Tucker et al. 1997), or with a mixture of cRNAs coding for SUR2A and Kir6.2 expressed exogenous K+ conductance inhibited by ATP. The effects of Rho123 were tested on these two KATP channel types. In certain conditions described below, Rho123 was found to cause channel inhibition. Block was gradually achieved within 30 s with an average half-time of 9.1 ± 1 s (n
= 44) in all configurations and it reversed slowly within several minutes (see below). Thus, inhibition was quantified by comparing values of currents before and long enough (30 s) after application of Rho123 to approach steady-state.
In the presence of 100 µM ATP (in the presence of 1 mM total Mg2+), 10 µM Rho123 blocked Kir6.2C36 channels (Fig. 1A; inhibition of 88 ± 2%, n
= 22) but had no significant effects on SUR2A + Kir6.2 channels (Fig. 1B; inhibition of 2 ± 5%, n
= 57). At higher concentrations, Rho123 did induce a significant block of the latter channels. The concentration dependency of block in the presence of 100 µM ATP, illustrated in Fig. 1E, shows K
values of 1.2 µM and 88 µM for Kir6.2C36 and SUR2A + Kir6.2, respectively. The Hill coefficient for Kir6.2C36 was close to unity, suggesting a bimolecular reaction. For the SUR2A + Kir6.2 data, the Hill coefficient could not be determined and was set to 1 because only one Rho123 concentration (100 µM) induced significant inhibition. As this concentration blocked 51% of the current in 12 patches, the K value could nonetheless be accurately estimated.
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C36 and SUR2A + Kir6.2 channels were highly sensitive to block by 10 µM Rho123, with inhibition of 89 ± 2% (n
= 21) and 79 ± 2% (n
= 87), respectively. This similarity is seen in the concentration–inhibition data obtained in the absence of nucleotides (Fig. 1F) which yielded K values of 1.7 and 2.1 µM for Kir6.2C36 and SUR2A + Kir6.2, respectively, with Hill coefficients near unity in both cases.
These results suggest that Rho123 acts on Kir6.2 and that this action is antagonized by SUR2A only when ATP is present. To rule out a role of the C-terminal deletion of Kir6.2 in these results, we coexpressed Kir6.2C36 and SUR2A and observed that the response to Rho123 of the resulting SUR2A + Kir6.2C36 channels was comparable to that of the SUR2A + Kir6.2 channels (Fig. 2). We also found that the pancreatic isoform SUR1 behaved like SUR2A as SUR1 + Kir6.2 channels were blocked by 10 µM Rho123 in absence of nucleotides (inhibition of 80 ± 2%, n
= 20) but not in the presence of 100 µM ATP (inhibition of 9 ± 6%, n
= 19).
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C36 channel activity compared to the initial activity before Rho123 application. This reflects the persistent binding of Rho123 to the Kir6.2C36 channels and demonstrates that Rho123 binds the closed channel in the same manner as the open channel (Fig. 1A and C). By contrast, the same experiment with SUR2A + Kir6.2 (Fig. 3B) shows no decrease in 0 ATP channel activity after application of Rho123 in 2 mM ATP. Because Rho123 dissociates slowly such a decrease would have been expected if Rho123 could bind to the channels in the presence of ATP.
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Block reversal was difficult to quantify because it happened on the same timescale as rundown, the rate of which was variable from patch to patch and over the recording period within the same patch. It was similarly difficult to assess whether nucleotides had a significant effect on block reversal because they also affect rundown. In spite of these limitations, we did not observe any systematic effect of channel type or nucleotide conditions on the block reversal rate. This is seen in Fig. 4A and C where reversal starts in 0 ATP and proceeds at the same rate independently of the absence of ATP or the presence of ATP at 100 µM or 2 mM. Dissociation is therefore clearly different from refreshment of rundown channels, which is strictly dependent on the presence of nucleotides (Furukawa et al. 1994). Furthermore, the rate of reversal was of the order of 10-fold less than the rate of block, as theoretically predicted for a bimolecular reaction with a concentration of Rho123 (10 µM) 10-fold higher than the dissociation constant (1 µM).
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Comparison of the effects of Rho123 and related rhodamine compounds
Because rhodamine compounds are lipophilic, block by Rho123 could be caused by an indirect, non-specific perturbation of the membrane, possibly implicating phosphatidylinositol phosphates, which are strong modulators of Kir6.2 gating (Baukrowitz et al. 1998; Shyng & Nichols, 1998). To investigate the specificity of the effect of Rho123, we assayed three other rhodamine derivatives: rhodamine 6G (Rho6G), rhodamine 110 (Rho110) and rhodamine B (RhoB). Structurally, Rho110 is the closest analogue of Rho123, as it differs only by a single methyl group; Rho6G and RhoB are bulkier. Chemically, Rho6G is cationic like Rho123 whereas, at physiological pH, Rho110 and RhoB are zwitterionic. All three analogues display a higher membrane permeability than Rho123 (Loetchutinat et al. 2003).
Tests were performed in nucleotide-free conditions where Rho123 blocks both Kir6.2C36 and SUR2A + Kir6.2 channels. At 10 µM, Rho110 and RhoB only weakly blocked Kir6.2C36 (33 ± 8%, n
= 3 and 6 ± 16%, n
= 3, respectively) and SUR2A + Kir6.2 channels (26 ± 4%, n
= 5 and 9 ± 6%, n
= 3, respectively) (Fig. 5). These values are significantly less than those of 80% achieved by Rho123. By contrast, Rho6G was also a potent blocker (inhibition of 93 ± 2%, n
= 11 and 82 ± 2%, n
= 14 for Kir6.2C36 and SUR2A + Kir6.2, respectively). Half-time of block by Rho6G was decreased (7.7 ± 2 s; n
= 14) but statistically not different from the half-time of block (9.8 ± 1 s; n
= 30) by Rho123. However, the net positive charge present on Rho123 and Rho6G, but not on Rho110 and RhoB, was not critical because block was little affected by membrane potential (data not shown), ruling out block by direct pore obstruction.
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KATP channel inhibition by rhodamine 123 is antagonized by nucleotide binding to the SUR subunit
The results so far suggest that Rho123 specifically interacts with Kir6.2 and that this interaction is antagonized by the SUR subunit, but only when ATP is present. As both subunits harbour nucleotide binding sites, the effects of ATP can be mediated by either one. As ATP has no effect on Rho123 block of SUR-less Kir6.2C36 channels, the more straightforward interpretation of the data is that nucleotide binding to SUR determines the degree of block by Rho123. To further settle this point, we examined (1) whether AMP could replace ATP, (2) whether mutations of the nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) of SUR had any influence and (3) whether Mg2+ ions were important.
Although it has not been tested directly on SUR, AMP is unable to bind several related ABC proteins (Hou et al. 2000; Kern et al. 2000; Bouabe & Knittler, 2003; Wolters et al. 2005). As shown in Fig. 6, a high concentration of 10 mM AMP was necessary to cause an inhibition of Kir6.2 channels comparable to that achieved by 100 µM ATP. Inhibition by AMP, like ATP, was weaker for Kir6.2C36 channels than for SUR2A + Kir6.2 channels. As summarized in Fig. 6F, unlike ATP, AMP did not protect the SUR2A + Kir6.2 channel against the inhibitory effect of Rho123. Indeed, 10 µM Rho123 in the presence of 10 mM AMP inhibited Kir6.2C36 by 94 ± 1% (n
= 6), which is almost the same value as in the presence of 100 µM ATP. By contrast, inhibition of SUR2A + Kir6.2 channels by 10 µM Rho123, which was insignificant in ATP, rose to 83 ± 9% (n
= 4) in 10 mM AMP. These results were reproduced with 5 mM AMP. Thus, rhodamine block was equivalent in the presence of AMP and in nucleotide-free conditions.
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2 min) of our tests. The decrease in maximal current (Fig. 7G) serves as an indicator of the Rho123-bound fraction of channels. After Rho123 application in 100 µM ATP and 1 mM Mg2+, this value was close to 100% (94 ± 3%, n
= 8) for Kir6.2C36 and much lower (23 ± 3%, n
= 51) for SUR2A + Kir6.2. It was significantly (Student's t test, P < 0.0001) increased by the D832N/D1469N SUR2A mutations (68 ± 7%, n
= 8). This result demonstrates that functional NBDs are required for ATP to protect Kir6.2 from Rho123 block.
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TMD0 domain of SUR decreases the rhodamine sensitivity to Kir6.2
The domain TMD0 has been identified as a region of contact between SUR and Kir6.2 (Chan et al. 2003). TMD0 alone and Kir6.2C36, when coexpressed, associate to form channels that have a reduced affinity for inhibitory nucleotides (Chan et al. 2003). In our hands, at 100 µM, ATP closed only 17 ± 2% (n
= 12) of the TMD0 + Kir6.2C36 channels compared to 54 ± 3% (n
= 42) and 85 ± 2% (n
= 80) observed with Kir6.2C36 and SUR2A + Kir6.2, respectively.
As shown in Fig. 8, coexpression of TMD0 of SUR1 and Kir6.2C36 produced channels that were almost insensitive to Rho123: in the presence and in the absence of ATP, inhibition by Rho123 was 6 ± 3% (n
= 12) and 12 ± 3% (n
= 12), respectively. These values were not statistically different (Student's t test).
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C36 channels present therefore an unconditional resistance to block by Rho123 which distinguishes them from both SUR2A + Kir6.2 channels (resistant only in the presence of ATP) and Kir6.2C36 channels (sensitive in all conditions). |
Discussion |
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To the list of KATP channel blockers, we add yet another entry, Rho123, which distinguishes itself by its unique mode of action. Rho123 interacts with Kir6.2 as demonstrated by its effect on SUR-less Kir6.2C36 channels. Experiments with other rhodamine compounds indicate that this interaction is structure-specific and does not arise simply from the amphiphile nature of rhodamines and a possible membrane perturbation. The zwitterionic Rho110, closest in structure to Rho123, and RhoB produced little channel block. The cationic Rho6G was slightly more potent than Rho123 (which is cationic as well), and its blocking rate constant was equivalent in spite of a greater membrane permeability. Thus, block does not depend on lipophilicity but on chemical structure. Charge appears to be important: Rho123 and Rho6G have an overall positive charge because they lack the negative carboxyl group present in Rho110 and RhoB. However, block was little affected by membrane potential (data not shown), ruling out a direct pore obstruction and suggesting that, if a specific binding site for rhodamines exists on the Kir6.2 protein, it is located outside the ion conduction pore.
The blocking effect of Rho123 could be related to an indirect alteration of the regulation by phospholipids of the channel. Phospholipids activate the KATP channel and, consequently, their chelation or screening by polyvalent cations such as neomycin results in a decrease in channel activity (Fan & Makielski, 1997). Rho123 is also cationic but it is monovalent and is unlikely to screen phospholipids when applied at micromolar concentrations in saline solutions containing much higher concentrations of divalent and monovalent cations. Furthermore, phospholipids act similarly on both SUR + Kir6.2 and SUR-less Kir6.2 channels (Baukrowitz et al. 1998) but Rho123 does not. Therefore, our results are more consistent with the hypothesis of a binding site for Rho123 on the Kir6.2 protein. Access to this site was slow and not linked to blocker lipophilicity, therefore it would probably be buried on the cytoplasmic face of the protein and allosterically linked to the channel gate (Fig. 9A).
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C36, Rho123 no longer inhibited the resulting channels. Thus, TMD0 protects Kir6.2 from inhibition by rhodamine. Although we may envision several mechanisms for this protection, we shall consider the simplest explanation, prevention of blocker binding by site masking, over more complex mechanisms such as allosteric modification of the blocker site or disruption of the linkage between blocker site and channel gate. This hypothetical scheme is illustrated in Fig. 9B. The exact mechanism might differ from the one depicted, but this will not affect the conclusion that rhodamine block is dependent on the interaction between TMD0 and Kir6.2. ATP-bound SUR protects the KATP channel against block by rhodamine 123
When full KATP channels were reconstituted by expression of SUR1 or SUR2A with Kir6.2, inhibition by Rho123 became strongly dependent on cytosolic ATP levels. Without nucleotides, SUR + Kir6.2 responded to Rho123 like Kir6.2 alone with K of 2 µM in both cases. In the presence of ATP, SUR + Kir6.2 became much less sensitive to Rho123 inhibition (40-fold increase in K by 100 µM ATP) whereas Kir6.2C36 remained as sensitive as in the absence of ATP. This difference was most striking with 10 µM Rho123 in the presence of 100 µM ATP (Fig. 1A and B) where Rho123had no effect on SUR + Kir6.2 but almost completely blocked Kir6.2C36.
How does ATP prevent binding of Rho123? Most probably by binding to the NBDs of SUR and inducing a change in conformation affecting the SUR–Kir6.2 interface, because the combined presence of SUR and ATP is necessary to make the rhodamine site inaccessible. The alternative is that protection from Rho123 block occurs when ATP binds to the nucleotidic inhibitory site of Kir6.2. Nevertheless, in the presence of AMP, a nucleotide not known to interact with SUR but able to block Kir6.2 (Tucker et al. 1998; Ribalet et al. 2003; Matsuo et al. 2005), a high sensitivity to rhodamine was observed. Moreover, mutations of Walker B aspartate residues of SUR2A, which are expected to impair ATP binding and hydrolysis, significantly reduced the protective action of ATP. To what extent NBD mutations of ABC proteins affect ATP binding compared to ATP hydrolysis cannot be predicted with certainty given the divergent opinions found in the literature (e.g. Ueda et al. 1997; Urbatsch et al. 1998; Hrycyna et al. 1999; Lerner-Marmarosh et al. 1999). We therefore performed additional experiments in the absence of divalent cations which are necessary for hydrolysis. In these conditions, ATP still provided an effective protection of wild-type channels against block by Rho123. ATP also became effective on the double Walker B mutant, consistent with the role of the mutated aspartate in the coordination of Mg2+ (Smith et al. 2002) and the ability of this mutant to bind ATP better in the absence of Mg2+ (Weber et al. 1998; Lerner-Marmarosh et al. 1999; Booth et al. 2000).
These results suggest that channel resistance to Rho123 is acquired when ATP binds to SUR without requiring hydrolysis.
Mechanistic implications
Whereas Kir6.2C36 is always sensitive to Rho123 and TMD0 + Kir6.2C36 is always insensitive, the sensitivity of SUR + Kir6.2 is modulated by ATP binding to SUR. It appears that ATP binding, presumably to the cytosolic NBDs, induces a global change in the conformation of SUR and, in particular, of its TMD0 domain which drastically reduces access of Rho123 to its site. Therefore, with respect to Rho123, ATP-bound SUR + Kir6.2 resembles TMD0 + Kir6.2C36, and ATP-free SUR + Kir6.2 resembles Kir6.2C36. One possible interpretation of these observations is that ATP binding to SUR causes a functional uncoupling of TMD0 from the rest of SUR which renders ATP-bound SUR indistinguishable from TMD0 alone from the point of view of Kir6.2. A possible schematic representation of such a mechanism is shown in Fig. 9C and D.
Our results confirm that TMD0 of SUR is not just a passive anchor between SUR and Kir6.2 but constitutes a dynamic element that could serve as an allosteric linkage between the regulatory subunit SUR and the catalytic subunit Kir6.2. Based on the gating properties of deletion constructs, it has been proposed that TMD0 and the loop L0 connecting it to the rest of SUR modulates the gating of Kir6.2 (Babenko & Bryan, 2003; Fang et al. 2006). The present study does demonstrate that TMD0 motion and change in channel activity occur concomitantly; it does not establish a definite causal relationship. TMD0 motion could be a mere consequence of a rearrangement of the Kir6.2 gating elements mediated by other domains of SUR (Bryan et al. 2004). That TMD0 is not the only region of SUR interacting with Kir6.2 is not debatable given the compact geometry of the channel (Mikhailov et al. 2005). However, TMD0 by itself changes drastically the gating properties of Kir6.2 and coimmunoprecipitation experiments have shown that Kir6.2 associates more readily with TMD0 than with other domains (Chan et al. 2003; Babenko & Bryan, 2003). Therefore the evidence favours a scheme as outlined in Fig. 9 where modification of the core of SUR through binding of ATP is transduced into opening or closing of the Kir6.2 pore via TMD0. There is now evidence that the NBDs of ABC proteins can form dimers and that dimerization is triggered by ATP binding (Hopfner et al. 2000; Smith et al. 2002) and may cause large conformational changes (Chen et al. 2003). Such a process has been postulated to apply to the KATP channel (Yamada et al. 2004; Yamada & Kurachi, 2005). Our conclusions are consistent with a similar mechanism whereby ATP binding to the NBDs could drive, through NBD dimerization, a global structural change transmitted to Kir6.2 in part by TMD0. This change would precede hydrolysis which appears necessary to produce a significant change in the gating mechanism (Gribble et al. 1998; Zingman et al. 2001).
Perspectives
The rhodamine protection assay enables one to follow the binding to SUR of ATP, which switches the channel from a rhodamine-sensitive to a new rhodamine-resistant state. This permits to dissect the respective effects on SUR and Kir6.2 of a ligand such as ATP that is capable of interactions with both subunits. In this work, the concentration used – 100 µM ATP – appeared greater than its affinity for SUR because it was sufficient to switch a large fraction of the channels to a rhodamine-insensitive state. Preliminary experiments indicate that lowering the ATP concentration reduced the rhodamine-insensitive fraction in line with a concentration-dependent binding.
Finally, besides its use as a reporter of the conformation of the KATP channel, Rho123 could serve as a tool to identify the presence of SUR-less Kir6.2 channels in vitro or in vivo because of its ability to selectively block incomplete channels rather than well-assembled SUR + Kir6 channels. Such incomplete channels could find their way to the plasma membrane when channels are overexpressed in heterologous systems or possibly when introduced or natural mutations alter the assembly or trafficking of KATP channels (Chan et al. 2003).
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Acknowledgements |
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Author's present address
E. Hosy: Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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) measured in the presence of 100 µM ATP plotted against the concentration of Rho123. Currents were normalized to the current measured in 0 ATP before application of blocker. Each point represents data from n
= 9–60 patches for SUR2A + Kir6.2 and n
= 4–16 patches for Kir6.2
