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Received December 20, 2001
Accepted after revision May 1, 2002
1 Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
2 Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, St George s Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: gordienk{at}sghms.ac.uk.
In smooth muscle cells freshly isolated from rabbit portal vein, there was only one site discharging the majority of spontaneous calcium-release events; the activity of this single site was studied using laser scanning confocal imaging after loading the cells with the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fluo-4 acetoxymethyl ester. Localised spontaneous calcium-release events visualised by line-scan imaging revealed two predominant spatiotemporal patterns: (i) small-amplitude, fast events similar to Ca2+ sparks in cardiomyocytes and (ii) larger and slower events. The sum of two Gaussian profiles was well fitted to the amplitude histogram (peak frequencies at 1.8 and 3.2 F/F) and spatial spread (full width at half-maximal amplitude) histogram (peak frequencies at 2 and 3.8 µm) for the 230 localised calcium-release events analysed. The existence of two populations of calcium-release events was also supported by the histograms of the rise times and half-decay times, which revealed modes at 38 and 65 ms, respectively. Shifting the scan line along the z-axis during imaging from a single discharge site suggested that the appearance of two populations of calcium-release events is not due to out-of-focus imaging. Both small and large events persisted upon 3-5 min exposure to 1-5 µM nicardipine, but were abolished after 10-15 min exposure to 50-100 µM ryanodine, 0.1 µM thapsigargin or 10 µM cyclopiazonic acid. Only small-amplitude, fast events persisted in the presence of inhibitors of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-induced Ca2+ release, 10 µM xestospongin C or 30 µM 2-aminoethoxy-diphenylborate (2-APB), or in the presence of 2.5 µM U-73122 (a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor). Coupling between neighbouring calcium-release domains giving rise to spontaneous [Ca2+]i waves was abolished in the presence of 2-APB. Examination of the saltatory propagation of the waves suggested that the critical factor that determines propagation between domains is a time-dependent change in the sensitivity of ryanodine receptors and/or IP3 receptors to Ca2+, which can give rise to 'loose coupling' between release sites. These results suggest that activation of IP3 receptors (due to the tonic activity of PLC and ongoing production of IP3) recruits neighbouring domains of ryanodine receptors, leading to larger Ca2+ releases and saltatory propagation of [Ca2+]i waves in portal vein myocytes.
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