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Received April 24, 2002
Accepted after revision July 2, 2002
1 Research Service, V.A. Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA 91343, Department of Psychology and A.B.Kogan Research Institute for Neurocybernetics, Rostov State University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
2 Research Service, V.A. Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA 91343 and Department of Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
3 Research Service, V.A. Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA 91343 and Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
4 Research Service (151A3), V.A. Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 16111 Plummer Street, North Hills, CA 91343, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dmcginty{at}ucla.edu.
Several lines of evidence show that the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus is critically implicated in the regulation of sleep. Functionally heterogeneous cell groups with sleep-related discharge patterns are located both in the medial and lateral POA. Recently a cluster of neurons showing sleep-related c-Fos immunoreactivity was found in the median preoptic nucleus (MnPN). To determine the specificity of the state-related behaviour of MnPN neurons we have undertaken the first study of their discharge patterns across the sleep-waking cycle. Nearly 76 % of recorded cells exhibited elevated discharge rates during sleep. Sleep-related units showed several distinct types of activity changes across sleep stages. Two populations included cells displaying selective activation during either non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (10 %) or REM sleep (8 %). Neurons belonging to the predominant population (58 %) exhibited activation during both phases of sleep compared to wakefulness. Most of these cells showed a gradual increase in their firing rates prior to sleep onset, elevated discharge during NREM sleep and a further increase during REM sleep. This specific sleep-waking discharge profile is opposite to that demonstrated by wake-promoting monoaminergic cell groups and was previously found in cells localized in the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA). We hypothesize that these vlPOA and MnPN neuronal populations act as parts of a GABAergic/galaninergic sleep-promoting ('anti-waking') network which exercises inhibitory control over waking-promoting systems. MnPN neurons that progressively increase activity during sustained waking and decrease activity during sustained sleep states may be involved in homeostatic regulation of sleep.
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