| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Received April 30, 2002
Accepted after revision September 25, 2002
1 Department of Neurobiology, UCLA, School of Medicine, Box 951763, 10833 LeConte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA
2 Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: victoraj{at}mednet.ucla.edu.
We report that after spontaneous breathing movements are stopped by administration of opioids (opioid-induced apnoea) in neonatal rats, abdominal muscles continue to contract at a rate similar to that observed during periods of ventilation. Correspondingly, in vitro bath application of a µ opioid receptor agonist suppresses the activity of the fourth cervical root (C4) supplying the diaphragm, but not the rhythmic activity of the first lumbar root (L1) innervating the abdominal muscles. This indicates the existence of opioid-resistant rhythmogenic neurones and a neuronal pathway transmitting their activity to the abdominal motoneurones. We have investigated this pathway by using a brainstem-spinal cord preparation of the neonatal rat. We identified bulbospinal neurones with a firing pattern identical to that of the L1 root. These neurones were located caudal to the obex in the vicinity of the nucleus retroambiguus. Resting potentials ranged from -49 to -40 mV (mean ± S.D. -44.0 ± 4.3 mV). The mean input resistance was 315.5 ± 54.8 MV[%%%]. The mean antidromic latency from the L1 level was 42.8 ± 4.4 ms. Axons crossed the midline at the level of the cell body. The activity pattern of the bulbospinal neurones and the L1 root consisted of two bursts per respiratory cycle with a silent period during inspiration. This pattern is characteristic of preinspiratory neurones. We found that 11 % of the preinspiratory neurones projected to the area where the bulbospinal neurones were located. These preinspiratory neurones were found in the rostral ventrolateral medulla close (200-350 µm) to the ventral surface at the level of the rostral half of the nucleus retrofacialis. Our data suggest the operation of a disynaptic pathway from the preinspiratory neurones to the L1 motoneurones in the in vitro preparation. We propose that the same pathway is responsible for rhythmic activation of the abdominal muscles during opioid-induced apnoea in the newborn rat.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. Wittmeier, G. Song, J. Duffin, and C.-S. Poon Pacemakers handshake synchronization mechanism of mammalian respiratory rhythmogenesis PNAS, November 18, 2008; 105(46): 18000 - 18005. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Giraudin, M.-J. Cabirol-Pol, J. Simmers, and D. Morin Intercostal and Abdominal Respiratory Motoneurons in the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord: Spatiotemporal Organization and Responses to Limb Afferent Stimulation J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2008; 99(5): 2626 - 2640. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. G. Fortuna, G. H. West, R. L. Stornetta, and P. G. Guyenet Botzinger Expiratory-Augmenting Neurons and the Parafacial Respiratory Group J. Neurosci., March 5, 2008; 28(10): 2506 - 2515. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Taccola, L. Secchia, and K. Ballanyi Anoxic persistence of lumbar respiratory bursts and block of lumbar locomotion in newborn rat brainstem spinal cords J. Physiol., December 1, 2007; 585(2): 507 - 524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Oku, H. Masumiya, and Y. Okada Postnatal developmental changes in activation profiles of the respiratory neuronal network in the rat ventral medulla J. Physiol., November 15, 2007; 585(1): 175 - 186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ruangkittisakul, L. Secchia, T. D. Bornes, D. M. Palathinkal, and K. Ballanyi Dependence on extracellular Ca2+/K+ antagonism of inspiratory centre rhythms in slices and en bloc preparations of newborn rat brainstem J. Physiol., October 15, 2007; 584(2): 489 - 508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Onimaru, K. Ikeda, and K. Kawakami Defective interaction between dual oscillators for respiratory rhythm generation in Na+,K+-ATPase {alpha}2 subunit-deficient mice J. Physiol., October 1, 2007; 584(1): 271 - 284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Wang, O. Dergacheva, H. Kamendi, C. Gorini, and D. Mendelowitz 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1A/7 and 4{alpha} Receptors Differentially Prevent Opioid-Induced Inhibition of Brain Stem Cardiorespiratory Function Hypertension, August 1, 2007; 50(2): 368 - 376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K.-Z. Lee, D. D. Fuller, L.-C. Tung, I-J. Lu, L.-C. Ku, and J.-C. Hwang Uncoupling of upper airway motor activity from phrenic bursting by positive end-expired pressure in the rat J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2007; 102(3): 878 - 889. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. A. Janczewski and J. L. Feldman Novel Data Supporting the Two Respiratory Rhythm Oscillator Hypothesis. Focus on "Respiration-Related Rhythmic Activity in the Rostral Medulla of Newborn Rats" J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2006; 96(1): 1 - 2. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Onimaru, Y. Kumagawa, and I. Homma Respiration-Related Rhythmic Activity in the Rostral Medulla of Newborn Rats J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2006; 96(1): 55 - 61. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Onimaru, I. Homma, J. L. Feldman, and W. A. Janczewski Point:Counterpoint: The parafacial respiratory group (pFRG)/pre-Botzinger complex (preBotC) is the primary site of respiratory rhythm generation in the mammal J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2006; 100(6): 2094 - 2098. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-C. Viemari and J.-M. Ramirez Norepinephrine Differentially Modulates Different Types of Respiratory Pacemaker and Nonpacemaker Neurons J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2006; 95(4): 2070 - 2082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M. Ferguson and G. B. Drummond Acute effects of fentanyl on breathing pattern in anaesthetized subjects Br. J. Anaesth., March 1, 2006; 96(3): 384 - 390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Greer, G. D. Funk, and K. Ballanyi Preparing for the first breath: prenatal maturation of respiratory neural control J. Physiol., February 1, 2006; 570(3): 437 - 444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. A. Janczewski and J. L. Feldman Distinct rhythm generators for inspiration and expiration in the juvenile rat J. Physiol., January 15, 2006; 570(2): 407 - 420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. G. Guyenet Novel two-rhythm generator theory of breathing in mammals J. Physiol., January 15, 2006; 570(2): 207 - 207. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. G. Guyenet, D. K. Mulkey, R. L. Stornetta, and D. A. Bayliss Regulation of Ventral Surface Chemoreceptors by the Central Respiratory Pattern Generator J. Neurosci., September 28, 2005; 25(39): 8938 - 8947. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Thoby-Brisson, J.-B. Trinh, J. Champagnat, and G. Fortin Emergence of the Pre-Botzinger Respiratory Rhythm Generator in the Mouse Embryo J. Neurosci., April 27, 2005; 25(17): 4307 - 4318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R. McCrimmon and G. F. Alheid Capra, eupnea, dyspnea, apnea: respiratory rhythms and the pre-Botzinger complex in the goat J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2004; 97(5): 1618 - 1619. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Wenninger, L. G. Pan, L. Klum, T. Leekley, J. Bastastic, M. R. Hodges, T. Feroah, S. Davis, and H. V. Forster Small reduction of neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the pre-Botzinger complex area induces abnormal breathing periods in awake goats J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2004; 97(5): 1620 - 1628. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Wenninger, L. G. Pan, L. Klum, T. Leekley, J. Bastastic, M. R. Hodges, T. R. Feroah, S. Davis, and H. V. Forster Large lesions in the pre-Botzinger complex area eliminate eupneic respiratory rhythm in awake goats J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2004; 97(5): 1629 - 1636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. P. Coutinho, C. Borday, J. Gilthorpe, S. Jungbluth, J. Champagnat, A. Lumsden, and G. Fortin Induction of a Parafacial Rhythm Generator by Rhombomere 3 in the Chick Embryo J. Neurosci., October 20, 2004; 24(42): 9383 - 9390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Duffin Functional organization of respiratory neurones: a brief review of current questions and speculations Exp Physiol, September 1, 2004; 89(5): 517 - 529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. M. Mellen, M. Roham, and J. L. Feldman Afferent modulation of neonatal rat respiratory rhythm in vitro: cellular and synaptic mechanisms J. Physiol., May 1, 2004; 556(3): 859 - 874. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-C. Viemari, M. Bevengut, P. Coulon, and G. Hilaire Nasal Trigeminal Inputs Release the A5 Inhibition Received by the Respiratory Rhythm Generator of the Mouse Neonate J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2004; 91(2): 746 - 758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. R. McCrimmon and G. F. Alheid On the opiate trail of respiratory depression Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): R1274 - R1275. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Pagliardini, J. Ren, and J. J. Greer Ontogeny of the Pre-Botzinger Complex in Perinatal Rats J. Neurosci., October 22, 2003; 23(29): 9575 - 9584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. B. Drummond The abdominal muscles in anaesthesia and after surgery Br. J. Anaesth., July 1, 2003; 91(1): 73 - 80. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH |
