HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text (PDF) Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Fox, A P Articles by Tsien, R W Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Fox, A P Articles by Tsien, R W

Department of Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.

1. Calcium currents in cultured dorsal root ganglion (d.r.g.) cells were studied with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Using experimental conditions that suppressed Na+ and K+ currents, and 3-10 mM-external Ca2+ or Ba2+, we distinguished three distinct types of calcium currents (L, T and N) on the basis of voltage-dependent kinetics and pharmacology. 2. Component L activates at relatively positive test potentials (t.p. greater than -10 mV) and shows little inactivation during a 200 ms depolarization. It is completely reprimed at a holding potential (h.p.) of -60 mV, and can be isolated by using a more depolarized h.p. (-40 mV) to inactivate the other two types of calcium currents. 3. Component T can be seen in isolation with weak test pulses. It begins activating at potentials more positive than -70 mV and inactivates quickly and completely during a maintained depolarization (time constant, tau approximately 20-50 ms). The current amplitude and the rate of decay increase with stronger depolarizations until both reach a maximum at approximately -40 mV. Inactivation is complete at h.p. greater than -60 mV and is progressively removed between -60 and -95 mV. 4. Component N activates at relatively strong depolarizations (t.p. greater than -20 mV) and decays with time constants ranging from 50 to 110 ms. Inactivation is removed over a very broad range of holding potentials (h.p. between -40 and -110 mV). 5. With 10 mM-EGTA in the pipette solution, substitution of Ba2+ for Ca2+ as the charge carrier does not alter the rates of activation or relaxation of any component. However, T-type channels are approximately equally permeable to Ca2+ and Ba2+, while L-type and N-type channels are both much more permeable to Ba2+. 6. Component N cannot be explained by current-dependent inactivation of L current resulting from recruitment of extra L-type channels at negative holding potentials: raising the external Ba2+ concentration to 110 mM greatly increases the amplitude of L current evoked from h.p. = -30 mV but produces little inactivation. 7. Cadmium ions (20-50 microM) virtually eliminate both N and L currents (greater than 90% block) but leave T relatively unaffected (less than 50% block). 200 microM-Cd2+ blocks all three components. 8. Nickel ions (100 microM) strongly reduce T current but leave N and L current little changed. 9. The dihydropyridine antagonist nifedipine (10 microM) inhibits L current (approximately 60% block) at a holding potential that inactivates half the L-type channels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. D. Johnson and C. C. McIntyre Quantifying the Neural Elements Activated and Inhibited by Globus Pallidus Deep Brain Stimulation J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2008; 100(5): 2549 - 2563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. R. Pugh and I. M. Raman Mechanisms of Potentiation of Mossy Fiber EPSCs in the Cerebellar Nuclei by Coincident Synaptic Excitation and Inhibition J. Neurosci., October 15, 2008; 28(42): 10549 - 10560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Rodriguez-Contreras, P. Lv, J. Zhu, H. J. Kim, and E. N. Yamoah Effects of Strontium on the Permeation and Gating Phenotype of Calcium Channels in Hair Cells J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2008; 100(4): 2115 - 2124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. S. Shin and P. L. Carlen Enhanced Ih Depresses Rat Entopeduncular Nucleus Neuronal Activity From High-Frequency Stimulation or Raised Ke+ J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2008; 99(5): 2203 - 2219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Chen and Y. Yaari Spike Ca2+ influx upmodulates the spike afterdepolarization and bursting via intracellular inhibition of KV7/M channels J. Physiol., March 1, 2008; 586(5): 1351 - 1363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Sarihi, B. Jiang, A. Komaki, K. Sohya, Y. Yanagawa, and T. Tsumoto Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Type 5-Dependent Long-Term Potentiation of Excitatory Synapses on Fast-Spiking GABAergic Neurons in Mouse Visual Cortex J. Neurosci., January 30, 2008; 28(5): 1224 - 1235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Husch, S. Hess, and P. Kloppenburg Functional Parameters of Voltage-Activated Ca2+ Currents From Olfactory Interneurons in the Antennal Lobe of Periplaneta americana J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2008; 99(1): 320 - 332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. W. Tedford and G. W. Zamponi Direct G Protein Modulation of Cav2 Calcium Channels Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2006; 58(4): 837 - 862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. G. Garcia, A. M. Garcia-De-Diego, L. Gandia, R. Borges, and J. Garcia-Sancho Calcium signaling and exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells. Physiol Rev, October 1, 2006; 86(4): 1093 - 1131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. S. Freeze, M. M. McNulty, and D. A. Hanck State-Dependent Verapamil Block of the Cloned Human Cav3.1 T-Type Ca2+ Channel Mol. Pharmacol., August 1, 2006; 70(2): 718 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Khosravani and G. W. Zamponi Voltage-gated calcium channels and idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Physiol Rev, July 1, 2006; 86(3): 941 - 966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Gillies and D. Willshaw Membrane Channel Interactions Underlying Rat Subthalamic Projection Neuron Rhythmic and Bursting Activity J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2006; 95(4): 2352 - 2365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. P. Lieske and J.-M. Ramirez Pattern-Specific Synaptic Mechanisms in a Multifunctional Network. I. Effects of Alterations in Synapse Strength J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2006; 95(3): 1323 - 1333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Babich, D. Isaev, and R. Shirokov Role of extracellular Ca2+ in gating of CaV1.2 channels J. Physiol., June 15, 2005; 565(3): 709 - 715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D Derjean, S Bertrand, F Nagy, and S. J Shefchyk Plateau potentials and membrane oscillations in parasympathetic preganglionic neurones and intermediolateral neurones in the rat lumbosacral spinal cord J. Physiol., March 1, 2005; 563(2): 583 - 596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Volk, P. J. Noble, M. Wagner, D. Noble, and H. Ehmke Ascending aortic stenosis selectively increases action potential-induced Ca2+ influx in epicardial myocytes of the rat left ventricle Exp Physiol, January 1, 2005; 90(1): 111 - 121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R.-R. Ji and G. Strichartz Cell Signaling and the Genesis of Neuropathic Pain Sci. Signal., September 28, 2004; 2004(252): re14 - re14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Mould, T. Yasuda, C. I. Schroeder, A. M. Beedle, C. J. Doering, G. W. Zamponi, D. J. Adams, and R. J. Lewis The {alpha}2{delta} Auxiliary Subunit Reduces Affinity of {omega}-Conotoxins for Recombinant N-type (Cav2.2) Calcium Channels J. Biol. Chem., August 13, 2004; 279(33): 34705 - 34714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. N. Liu, T. Kurotani, M. Ren, K. Yamada, Y. Yoshimura, and Y. Komatsu Presynaptic Activity and Ca2+ Entry Are Required for the Maintenance of NMDA Receptor-Independent LTP at Visual Cortical Excitatory Synapses J Neurophysiol, August 1, 2004; 92(2): 1077 - 1087. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Novara, P. Baldelli, D. Cavallari, V. Carabelli, A. Giancippoli, and E. Carbone Exposure to cAMP and {beta}-adrenergic stimulation recruits CaV3 T-type channels in rat chromaffin cells through Epac cAMP-receptor proteins J. Physiol., July 15, 2004; 558(2): 433 - 449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. H. Goldberg, C. O. Lacefield, and R. Yuste Global dendritic calcium spikes in mouse layer 5 low threshold spiking interneurones: implications for control of pyramidal cell bursting J. Physiol., July 15, 2004; 558(2): 465 - 478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Bian, X. Zhou, and J. J. Galligan R-type calcium channels in myenteric neurons of guinea pig small intestine Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, July 1, 2004; 287(1): G134 - G142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Wang, J. Anrather, J. Huang, R. C. Speth, V. M. Pickel, and C. Iadecola NADPH Oxidase Contributes to Angiotensin II Signaling in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius J. Neurosci., June 16, 2004; 24(24): 5516 - 5524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Chen and S. R. Ikeda Modulation of Ion Channels and Synaptic Transmission by a Human Sensory Neuron-Specific G-Protein-Coupled Receptor, SNSR4/mrgX1, Heterologously Expressed in Cultured Rat Neurons J. Neurosci., May 26, 2004; 24(21): 5044 - 5053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-C. Liang, C.-C. Huang, K.-S. Hsu, and T. Takahashi Cannabinoid-induced presynaptic inhibition at the primary afferent trigeminal synapse of juvenile rat brainstem slices J. Physiol., February 15, 2004; 555(1): 85 - 96. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Hayar, S. Karnup, M. T. Shipley, and M. Ennis Olfactory Bulb Glomeruli: External Tufted Cells Intrinsically Burst at Theta Frequency and Are Entrained by Patterned Olfactory Input J. Neurosci., February 4, 2004; 24(5): 1190 - 1199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. C. Stotz, S. E. Jarvis, and G. W. Zamponi Functional roles of cytoplasmic loops and pore lining transmembrane helices in the voltage-dependent inactivation of HVA calcium channels J. Physiol., January 15, 2004; 554(2): 263 - 273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Pinato and J. Midtgaard Regulation of Granule Cell Excitability by a Low-Threshold Calcium Spike in Turtle Olfactory Bulb J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2003; 90(5): 3341 - 3351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Li and D. J. Bennett Persistent Sodium and Calcium Currents Cause Plateau Potentials in Motoneurons of Chronic Spinal Rats J Neurophysiol, August 1, 2003; 90(2): 857 - 869. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Habermann, B. J. O'Brien, H. Wassle, and D. A. Protti AII Amacrine Cells Express L-Type Calcium Channels at Their Output Synapses J. Neurosci., July 30, 2003; 23(17): 6904 - 6913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Bao, W. H. Wong, J. M. Goldberg, and R. A. Eatock Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Currents in Type I and Type II Hair Cells Isolated From the Rat Crista J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2003; 90(1): 155 - 164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Rodriguez-Contreras and E. N. Yamoah Effects of Permeant Ion Concentrations on the Gating of L-Type Ca2+ Channels in Hair Cells Biophys. J., May 1, 2003; 84(5): 3457 - 3469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Perez-Reyes Molecular Physiology of Low-Voltage-Activated T-type Calcium Channels Physiol Rev, January 1, 2003; 83(1): 117 - 161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. T. Tamse and E. N. Yamoah Elementary Properties of Axonal Calcium Currents in Type B Photoreceptors in Hermissenda crassicornis J. Neurosci., December 15, 2002; 22(24): 10533 - 10538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Srinivasan, E. Bernal-Mizrachi, M. Ohsugi, and M. A. Permutt Glucose promotes pancreatic islet beta -cell survival through a PI 3-kinase/Akt-signaling pathway Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, October 1, 2002; 283(4): E784 - E793. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Chemin, J. Nargeot, and P. Lory Neuronal T-type alpha 1H Calcium Channels Induce Neuritogenesis and Expression of High-Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels in the NG108-15 Cell Line J. Neurosci., August 15, 2002; 22(16): 6856 - 6862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F.-S. Lo and R. S. Erzurumlu L-Type Calcium Channel-Mediated Plateau Potentials in Barrelette Cells During Structural Plasticity J Neurophysiol, August 1, 2002; 88(2): 794 - 801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. R. Smith, A. B. Nelson, and S. du Lac Regulation of Firing Response Gain by Calcium-Dependent Mechanisms in Vestibular Nucleus Neurons J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2002; 87(4): 2031 - 2042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Gage, S. G. Rane, G. H. Hockerman, and T. J. Smith The Virally Encoded Fungal Toxin KP4 Specifically Blocks L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels Mol. Pharmacol., April 1, 2002; 61(4): 936 - 944. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F.-M. Lu and K. Kuba Synchronous and Asynchronous Exocytosis Induced by Subthreshold High K+ at Cs+-Loaded Terminals of Rat Hippocampal Neurons J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2002; 87(3): 1222 - 1233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Yamakage and A. Namiki Calcium channels - basic aspects of their structure, function and gene encoding; anesthetic action on the channels - a review: [Revue : notions de base sur la structure, la fonction et l'encodage genetique des canaux calciques et action des anesthesiques sur ces canaux] Can J Anesth, February 1, 2002; 49(2): 151 - 164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Thibault, R. Hadley, and P. W. Landfield Elevated Postsynaptic [Ca2+]i and L-Type Calcium Channel Activity in Aged Hippocampal Neurons: Relationship to Impaired Synaptic Plasticity J. Neurosci., December 15, 2001; 21(24): 9744 - 9756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. Todorovic, V. Jevtovic-Todorovic, S. Mennerick, E. Perez-Reyes, and C. F. Zorumski Cav3.2 Channel Is a Molecular Substrate for Inhibition of T-Type Calcium Currents in Rat Sensory Neurons by Nitrous Oxide Mol. Pharmacol., September 1, 2001; 60(3): 603 - 610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Yu, G. N. Gamkrelidze, P. J. Laurienti, and J. E. Blankenship Serotonin Directly Increases a Calcium Current in Swim Motoneurons of Aplysia brasiliana Integr. Comp. Biol., August 1, 2001; 41(4): 1009 - 1025. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. S. Perrot-Sinal, A. M. Davis, K. A. Gregerson, J. P. Y. Kao, and M. M. McCarthy Estradiol Enhances Excitatory Gammabutyric Acid-Mediated Calcium Signaling in Neonatal Hypothalamic Neurons Endocrinology, June 1, 2001; 142(6): 2238 - 2243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-y. Jung, N. P. Staff, and N. Spruston Action Potential Bursting in Subicular Pyramidal Neurons Is Driven by a Calcium Tail Current J. Neurosci., May 15, 2001; 21(10): 3312 - 3321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Brevi, M. de Curtis, and J. Magistretti Pharmacological and Biophysical Characterization of Voltage-Gated Calcium Currents in the Endopiriform Nucleus of the Guinea Pig J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2001; 85(5): 2076 - 2087. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C.-C. Kuo and S. Yang Recovery from Inactivation of T-Type Ca2+ Channels in Rat Thalamic Neurons J. Neurosci., March 15, 2001; 21(6): 1884 - 1892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. A. Abdulla and P. A. Smith Axotomy- and Autotomy-Induced Changes in the Excitability of Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2001; 85(2): 630 - 643. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. A. Abdulla and P. A. Smith Axotomy- and Autotomy-Induced Changes in Ca2+and K+ Channel Currents of Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2001; 85(2): 644 - 658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Tomioka, Y. Hattori, M. Fukao, H. Watanabe, Y. Akaishi, A. Sato, T. Q. Kim, I. Sakuma, A. Kitabatake, and M. Kanno Role of endothelial Ni2+-sensitive Ca2+ entry pathway in regulation of EDHF in porcine coronary artery Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2001; 280(2): H730 - H737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Thaler, W. Li, and P. Brehm Calcium Channel Isoforms Underlying Synaptic Transmission at Embryonic Xenopus Neuromuscular Junctions J. Neurosci., January 15, 2001; 21(2): 412 - 422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Buschges, M. A. Wikstrom, S. Grillner, and A. El Manira Roles of High-Voltage-Activated Calcium Channel Subtypes in a Vertebrate Spinal Locomotor Network J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2000; 84(6): 2758 - 2766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-P. Fan, E. M. Horn, and T. G. Waldrop Biophysical Characterization of Rat Caudal Hypothalamic Neurons: Calcium Channel Contribution to Excitability J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2000; 84(6): 2896 - 2903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. R. Neelands, A. P. J. King, and R. L. Macdonald Functional Expression of L-, N-, P/Q-, and R-Type Calcium Channels in the Human NT2-N Cell Line J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2000; 84(6): 2933 - 2944. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W.-J. Song, Y. Baba, T. Otsuka, and F. Murakami Characterization of Ca2+ Channels in Rat Subthalamic Nucleus Neurons J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2000; 84(5): 2630 - 2637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Komatsu and Y. Yoshimura Activity-Dependent Maintenance of Long-Term Potentiation at Visual Cortical Inhibitory Synapses J. Neurosci., October 15, 2000; 20(20): 7539 - 7546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. S. Sidach and I. M. Mintz Low-Affinity Blockade of Neuronal N-Type Ca Channels by the Spider Toxin omega -Agatoxin-IVA J. Neurosci., October 1, 2000; 20(19): 7174 - 7182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. Todorovic, E. Perez-Reyes, and C. J. Lingle Anticonvulsants But Not General Anesthetics Have Differential Blocking Effects on Different T-Type Current Variants Mol. Pharmacol., July 1, 2000; 58(1): 98 - 108. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				T. Aoki and S. C. Baraban Properties of a Calcium-Activated K+ Current on Interneurons in the Developing Rat Hippocampus J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2000; 83(6): 3453 - 3461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. L. Baccei and J. D. Kocsis Voltage-Gated Calcium Currents in Axotomized Adult Rat Cutaneous Afferent Neurons J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2000; 83(4): 2227 - 2238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

V. Matveev and X.-J. Wang Implications of All-or-None Synaptic Transmission and Short-Term Depression beyond Vesicle Depletion: A Computational Study J. Neurosci., February 15, 2000; 20(4): 1575 - 1588.