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The reduction of oxygen to water proceeds via one electron at a time. In the mitochondrial respiratory chain, Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase) retains all partially reduced intermediates until full reduction is achieved. Other redox centres in the electron transport chain, however, may leak electrons to oxygen, partially reducing this molecule to superoxide anion (O2-•). Even though O2-• is not a strong oxidant, it is a precursor of most other reactive oxygen species, and it also becomes involved in the propagation of oxidative chain reactions. Despite the presence of various antioxidant defences, the mitochondrion appears to be the main intracellular source of these oxidants. This review describes the main mitochondrial sources of reactive species and the antioxidant defences that evolved to prevent oxidative damage in all the mitochondrial compartments. We also discuss various physiological and pathological scenarios resulting from an increased steady state concentration of mitochondrial oxidants.
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 K. L. Seib, H.-J. Wu, S. P. Kidd, M. A. Apicella, M. P. Jennings, and A. G. McEwan Defenses against Oxidative Stress in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a System Tailored for a Challenging Environment Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., June 1, 2006; 70(2): 344 - 361. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Rhoads, A. L. Umbach, C. C. Subbaiah, and J. N. Siedow Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species. Contribution to Oxidative Stress and Interorganellar Signaling Plant Physiology, June 1, 2006; 141(2): 357 - 366. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. P. Comellas, L. A. Dada, E. Lecuona, L. M. Pesce, N. S. Chandel, N. Quesada, G. R. S. Budinger, G. J. Strous, A. Ciechanover, and J. I. Sznajder Hypoxia-Mediated Degradation of Na,K-ATPase via Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and the Ubiquitin-Conjugating System Circ. Res., May 26, 2006; 98(10): 1314 - 1322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Kussmaul and J. Hirst The mechanism of superoxide production by NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) from bovine heart mitochondria PNAS, May 16, 2006; 103(20): 7607 - 7612. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-R. Chen, C.-L. Chen, A. Yeh, X. Liu, and J. L. Zweier Direct and Indirect Roles of Cytochrome b in the Mediation of Superoxide Generation and NO Catabolism by Mitochondrial Succinate-Cytochrome c Reductase J. Biol. Chem., May 12, 2006; 281(19): 13159 - 13168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. J. Anderson and P. D. Neufer Type II skeletal myofibers possess unique properties that potentiate mitochondrial H2O2 generation Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, March 1, 2006; 290(3): C844 - C851. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. M. Fearon OxLDL enhances L-type Ca2+ currents via lysophosphatidylcholine-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2006; 69(4): 855 - 864. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. K. Prabu, H. K. Anandatheerthavarada, H. Raza, S. Srinivasan, J. F. Spear, and N. G. Avadhani Protein Kinase A-mediated Phosphorylation Modulates Cytochrome c Oxidase Function and Augments Hypoxia and Myocardial Ischemia-related Injury J. Biol. Chem., January 27, 2006; 281(4): 2061 - 2070. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Q. Chen, C. L. Hoppel, and E. J. Lesnefsky Blockade of Electron Transport before Cardiac Ischemia with the Reversible Inhibitor Amobarbital Protects Rat Heart Mitochondria J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., January 1, 2006; 316(1): 200 - 207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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