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Topical Review |
1 Maternal and Fetal Research Unit, Department of Women's Health, Division of Reproductive Health, Endocrinology and Development, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
2 Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics, University of Texas Health Sciences, San Antonio, TX, USA
The incidence of the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of abnormalities focusing on insulin resistance and associated with high risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, is reaching epidemic proportions. Prevalent in both developed and developing countries, the metabolic syndrome has largely been attributed to altered dietary and lifestyle factors that favour the development of central obesity. However, population-based studies have suggested that predisposition to the metabolic syndrome may be acquired very early in development through inappropriate fetal or neonatal nutrition. Further evidence for developmental programming of the metabolic syndrome has now been suggested by animal studies in which the fetal environment has been manipulated through altered maternal dietary intake or modification of uterine artery blood flow. This review examines these studies and assesses whether the metabolic syndrome can be reliably induced by the interventions made. The validity of the different species, diets, feeding regimes and end-point measures used is also discussed.
(Received 15 July 2004;
accepted after revision 28 September 2004;
first published online 30 September 2004)
Corresponding author J. A. Armitage: Maternal and Fetal Research Unit, 10th Floor, North Wing St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK. Email: james.armitage{at}kcl.ac.uk
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