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1 Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Hassall Road, Alsager, ST7 2HL, UK
2 Directorate of Renal Medicine, North Staffordshire Hospital Trust, ST4 7LN, UK
We hypothesized that 4 weeks of recombinant human erythropoietin (RhEPO) treatment would result in a significant increase in haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and arterial blood O2-carrying capacity and that this would (1) increase peak pulmonary oxygen uptake 
during ramp incremental exercise, and (2) speed 
kinetics during ‘severe’-, but not ‘moderate’- or ‘heavy’-intensity, step exercise. Fifteen subjects (mean ±
S.D. age 25 ± 4 years) were randomly assigned to either an experimental group which received a weekly subcutaneous injection of RhEPO (150 IU kg–1; n
= 8), or a control group (CON) which received a weekly subcutaneous injection of sterile saline (10 ml; n
= 7) as a placebo, for four weeks. The subjects and the principal researchers were both blind with respect to the group assignment. Before and after the intervention period, all subjects completed a ramp test for determination of the gas exchange threshold (GET) and 
, and a number of identical ‘step’ transitions from ‘unloaded’ cycling to work rates requiring 80% GET (moderate), 70% of the difference between the GET and 
(heavy), and 105%
(severe) as determined from the initial ramp test. Pulmonary gas exchange was measured breath-by-breath. There were no significant differences between the RhEPO and CON groups for any of the measurements of interest ([Hb], 
kinetics) before the intervention. Four weeks of RhEPO treatment resulted in a 7% increase both in [Hb] (from 15.8 ± 1.0 to 16.9 ± 0.7 g dl–1; P < 0.01) and 
(from 47.5 ± 4.2 to 50.8 ± 10.7 ml kg–1·min–1; P < 0.05), with no significant change in CON. RhEPO had no significant effect on 
kinetics for moderate (Phase II time constant, from 28 ± 8 to 28 ± 7 s), heavy (from 37 ± 12 to 35 ± 11 s), or severe (from 33 ± 15 to 35 ± 15 s) step exercise. Our results indicate that enhancing blood O2-carrying capacity and thus the potential for muscle O2 delivery with RhEPO treatment enhanced the peak 
but did not influence 
kinetics, suggesting that the latter is principally regulated by intracellular (metabolic) factors, even during exercise where the 
requirement is greater than the 
, at least in young subjects performing upright cycle exercise.
(Received 5 May 2005;
accepted after revision 2 August 2005;
first published online 4 August 2005)
Corresponding author A. M. Jones: School of Sport and Health Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU.. Email: a.m.jones{at}exeter.ac.uk
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