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Received January 9, 2004
Revised February 6, 2004
Accepted after revision February 15, 2004
1 John Hopkins University School of Medicine
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mdonowit{at}jhmi.edu.
The epithelial brush border membrane (BBM) Na+/H+-exchanger 3 (NHE3) is the major transport protein responsible for ileal electroneutral Na absorption. We have previously shown that ileal BBM NHE3 activity is rapidly inhibited by carbachol, an agonist that mimics cholinergic activation in digestion. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms involved in this NHE3 inhibition. Carbachol decreased the amount of ileal Na absorptive cell BBM NHE3 within 10 min of exposure. Based on OptiPrep gradient centrifugation, carbachol increased the amount of NHE3 in early endosomes and decreased the amount of NHE3 in BBM, consistent with effects on NHE3 trafficking. The decrease in BBM NHE3 occurred in the detergent-soluble BBM fraction with no change in the amount of NHE3 in the BBM detergent-resistant membranes. The size of BBM NHE3 complexes increased in carbachol exposed ileum, as studied with sucrose gradient centrifugation. The NHE3 complex size increased in the total BBM, but did not change in the detergent soluble fraction. This suggests that carbachol treatment enhanced the association of proteins with NHE3 complexes specifically in the detergent resistant fraction of ileal BBM. NHERF2, -actinin-4, and protein kinase C were among those NHE3-associated proteins since they were more efficiently co-immunoprecipitated from total BBM after carbachol treatment. Moreover, Src was involved in the carbachol-mediated inhibition since 1) Src was rapidly activated in the detergent resistant membranes by carbachol, and 2) carbachol inhibition of ileal Na absorption was completely abolished by the Src family inhibitor 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP2). Moreover, the carbachol-induced increase in the size of NHE3 containing complexes was reversed by PP2. These data demonstrate that regulation of NHE3 activity by carbachol can be achieved at several interrelated levels: 1) The subcellular level at which NHE3 is rapidly endocytosed from BBM to endocytic vesicles upon treatment with carbachol. 2) Multiple BBM pools, in which carbachol selectively decreases NHE3 amount in the BBM detergent soluble fraction but not the detergent resistant membrane; and 3) Molecular level, at which NHE3 complex-associated proteins can be changed upon carbachol treatment, with carbachol leading to larger BBM NHE3 complexes and increased co-IP of NHERF2 with -actinin-4 and activated PKC. The studies further describe NHE3 presence simultaneously in multiple dynamic BBM pools in which NHE3 distribution and associated proteins are altered as part of carbachol-induced and Src-mediated rapid signal transduction which decreases the amount of BBM NHE3 and thus inhibits NHE3 activity.
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