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Received November 4, 2004
Revised December 6, 2004
Accepted after revision December 14, 2004
1 Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán
2 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
3 University of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: zamgon{at}laneta.apc.org.
Nutrient restriction during pregnancy and lactation impairs growth and development. Recent studies demonstrate long term programming of function of specific organ systems resulting from sub-optimal environments during fetal life and development up to weaning. We determined effects of maternal protein restriction (50% control protein intake) during fetal development and/or lactation in rats on the reproductive system of male progeny. Rats were fed either a control 20% casein diet (C) or a restricted diet (R) of 10 % casein during pregnancy. After delivery mothers received either C or R diet until weaning to provide four groups CC, RR, CR and RC. We report findings in male offspring only. Maternal protein restriction increased maternal serum corticosterone, estradiol and testosterone (T) concentrations at 19 days (d) gestation. Pup birth weight was unchanged but ano-genital distance was increased by maternal protein restriction (p < 0.05). Testicular descent was delayed 4.4 d in RR, 2.1 d in CR and 2.2 d in RC and was not related to body weight. Body weight and testis weight were reduced in RR and CR groups at all ages with the exception of CR testis weight at 270days post natal life (dPN). At 70 dPN luteinizing hormone and T concentrations were reduced in RR, CR and RC. mRNA for P450scc was reduced in RR and CR at 21 dPN but was unchanged at 70 dPN. Fertility rate was reduced at 270 dPN in RC and sperm count in RR and RC. We conclude that maternal protein delays sexual maturation in male rats and that some effects only emerge in later life.
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