Control mechanisms for potassium (K+) excretion in humans developed in Paleolithic times when diets were sodium-poor and episodically K+-rich. Nevertheless, our understanding of the regulation of K+ excretion comes from experiments in rats with large sodium and K+ intakes. Our objective was to identify how K+ excretion was regulated when rats consumed a low-electrolyte diet to reflect Paleolithic conditions. Rats that were given mineralocorticoids plus either NaCl, mannitol, or NaHCO3 had a small kaliuresis. In contrast, KCl supplements induced a large kaliuresis and a near-maximal luminal [K+] in the terminal cortical collecting duct ([K+]CCD). The time course of events was important. The rise in the [K+]CCD was prompt, but the initial kaliuresis was only modest. Over the next 4-hr, kaliuresis increased markedly due solely to a higher calculated distal flow rate, which appeared to be due to diminished reabsorption of NaCl in the loop of Henle; of note, the measured papillary [K+] rose. In summary, the increase in the [K+]CCD in rats given KCl likely to be due to an increase in the number of luminal K+-channels rather than to mechanisms that are known to induce a lumen-negative voltage in cortical distal nephron segments. The higher distal flow rate might be due to a higher interstitial [K+], which inhibited NaCl reabsorption in the loop of Henle. Thus, to understand which of the potential control mechanisms are operating, one must look very closely at the conditions imposed by the experimental setting.