J Physiol Wellcome Trust-funded researchers
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH
 QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     


Physiology in Press

First published online on September 7, 2006.
Copyright © 2006 by The Physiological Society
This Article
Right arrow Full Text (Rapid PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
577/1/403    most recent
jphysiol.2006.116772v1
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Lakie, M.
Right arrow Articles by Loram, I. D.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Lakie, M.
Right arrow Articles by Loram, I. D.

Received July 7, 2006
Revised August 17, 2006
Accepted after revision September 5, 2006

Manually controlled human balancing using visual, vestibular and proprioceptive senses involves a common, low frequency neural process

Martin Lakie1* and Ian David Loram2

1 University of Birmingham
2 Manchester metropolitan University

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: m.d.lakie{at}bham.ac.uk.

Ten subjects balanced their own body or a mechanically equivalent unstable inverted pendulum by hand, through a compliant spring linkage. Their balancing process was always characterised by repeated small reciprocating hand movements. These bias adjustments were an observable sign of intermittent alterations in neural output. On average, the adjustments occurred at intervals of ~ 400 ms. To generate appropriate stabilising bias adjustments sensory information about body or load movement is needed. Subjects used visual, vestibular or proprioceptive sensation alone and in combination to perform the tasks. We first ask, is the time between adjustments (bias duration) sensory specific? Vision is associated with slow responses. Other senses involved with balance are known to be faster. Our second question is; does bias duration depend on sensory abundance? An appropriate bias adjustment cannot occur until unplanned motion is unambiguously perceived (a sensory threshold). The addition of more sensory data should therefore expedite action, decreasing the mean bias adjustment duration. Statistical analysis showed 1) the mean bias adjustment duration was remarkably independent of the sensory modality and 2) the addition of one or two sensory modalities made a small, but significant, decrease in the mean bias adjustment duration. Thus, a threshold effect can alter only a very minor part of the bias duration. The bias adjustment duration in manual balancing must reflect something more than visual sensation and perceptual thresholds; our suggestion is that it is a common central motor planning process. We predict that similar processes may be identified in the control of standing


Key words: Balance • Postural control • Sensorimotor control




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
J. Neurophysiol.Home page
H. van der Kooij and E. de Vlugt
Postural Responses Evoked by Platform Pertubations Are Dominated by Continuous Feedback
J Neurophysiol, August 1, 2007; 98(2): 730 - 743.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Physiol.Home page
I. D. Loram, P. J. Gawthrop, and M. Lakie
The frequency of human, manual adjustments in balancing an inverted pendulum is constrained by intrinsic physiological factors
J. Physiol., November 15, 2006; 577(1): 417 - 432.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]




HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH
Copyright © 2006 The Physiological Society.